Obesity and cancer: Pathophysiological and biological mechanisms

References

• Amling C L, Riffenburgh R H, Sun L, Moul J W, Lance R S, Kusuda L, Sexton W J, Soderdahl D W, Donahue T F, Foley J P. Pathologic variables and recurrence rates as related to obesity and race in men with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22(3)439–445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aparicio T, Kotelevets L, Tsocas A, Laigneau J P, Sobhani I, Chastre E, Lehy T. Leptin stimulates the proliferation of human colon cancer cells in vitro but does not promote the growth of colon cancer xenografts in nude mice or intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc(Min/+) mice. Gut 2005; 54(8)1136–1145, Epub 2005 Apr 27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awakura Y, Nakamura E, Ito N, Yamasaki T, Kamba T, Kamoto T, Ogawa O. Influence of body mass index on prognosis of Japanese patients with renal cell carcinoma. Urology 2007; 70(1)50–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baserga R, Peruzzi F, Reiss K. The IGF-1 receptor in cancer biology. Int J Cancer 2003; 107(6)873–877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergstrom A, Pisani P, Tenet V, Wolk A, Adami H O. Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer 2001; 91(3)421–430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brakenhielm E, Veitonmaki N, Cao R, Kihara S, Matsuzawa Y, Zhivotovsky B, Funahashi T, Cao Y. Adiponectin–induced antiangiogenesis and antitumor activity involve caspase–mediated endothelial cell apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101(8)2476–2481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray G A. The underlying basis for obesity: relationship to cancer. J Nutr 2002; 132(11 Suppl)3451s–3455s
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce W R, Wolever T M, Giacca A. Mechanisms linking diet and colorectal cancer: the possible role of insulin resistance. Nutr Cancer 2000; 37(1)19–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruning P F, Bonfrer J M, van Noord P A, Hart A A, de Jong-Bakker M, Nooijen W J. Insulin resistance and breast-cancer risk. Int J Cancer 1992; 52(4)511–516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne G J, Ghellal A, Iddon J, Blann A D, Venizelos V, Kumar S, Howell A, Bundred N J. Serum soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1: role as a surrogate marker of angiogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92(16)1329–1336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai D, Yuan M, Frantz D F, Melendez P A, Hansen L, Lee J, Shoelson S E. Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB. Nat Med 2005; 11(2)183–190, Epub 2005 Jan 30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calle E E, Kaaks R. Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4(8)579–591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calle E E, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun M J. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(17)1625–1638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmichael A R. Obesity and prognosis of breast cancer. Obes Rev 2006; 7(4)333–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan J M, Stampfer M J, Giovannucci E, Gann P H, Ma J, Wilkinson P, Hennekens C H, Pollak M. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science 1998; 279(5350)563–566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang S, Hursting S D, Contois J H, Strom S S, Yamamura Y, Babaian R J, Troncoso P, Scardino P S, Wheeler T M, Amos C I. Leptin and prostate cancer. Prostate 2001; 46(1)62–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chia V M, Newcomb P A, Lampe J W, White E, Mandelson M T, McTiernan A, Potter J D. Leptin Concentrations, Leptin Receptor Polymorphisms, and Colorectal Adenoma Risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16(12)2697–2703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cnop M, Havel P J, Utzschneider K M, Carr D B, Sinha M K, Boyko E J, Retzlaff B M, Knopp R H, Brunzell J D, Kahn S E. Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: evidence for independent roles of age and sex. Diabetologia 2003; 46(4)459–469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colangelo L A, Gapstur S M, Gann P H, Dyer A R, Liu K. Colorectal cancer mortality and factors related to the insulin resistance syndrome. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11(4)385–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dal Maso L, Augustin L S, Karalis A, Talamini R, Franceschi S, Trichopoulos D, Mantzoros C S, La Vecchia C. Circulating adiponectin and endometrial cancer risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(3)1160–1163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dal Maso L, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Preston–Martin S, Ron E, Levi F, Mack W, Mark S D, McTiernan A, Kolonel L. A pooled analysis of thyroid cancer studies. V. Anthropometric factors. Cancer Causes Control 2000; 11(2)137–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Luca C, Olefsky J M. Inflammation and insulin resistance. FEBS Lett 2008; 582(1)97–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derby C A, Zilber S, Brambilla D, Morales K H, McKinlay J B. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio and change in sex steroid hormones: the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006; 65(1)125–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieudonne M N, Bussiere M, Dos Santos E, Leneveu M C, Giudicelli Y, Pecquery R. Adiponectin mediates antiproliferative and apoptotic responses in human MCF7 breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345(1)271–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieudonne M N, Machinal Quelin F, Serazin Leroy V, Leneveu M C, Pecquery R, Giudicelli Y. Leptin mediates a proliferative response in human MCF7 breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293(1)622–628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dignam J J, Polite B N, Yothers G, Raich P, Colangelo L, O'Connell M J, Wolmark N. Body mass index and outcomes in patients who receive adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98(22)1647–1654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirx M J, Zeegers M P, Dagnelie P C, van den Bogaard T, van den Brandt P A. Energy restriction and the risk of spontaneous mammary tumors in mice: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2003; 106(5)766–770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dormandy J A, Charbonnel B, Eckland D J, Erdmann E, Massi-Benedetti M, Moules I K, Skene A M, Tan M H, Lefebvre P J, Murray G D. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366(9493)1279–1289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckardt K, May C, Koenen M, Eckel J. IGF-1 receptor signalling determines the mitogenic potency of insulin analogues in human smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. Diabetologia 2007; 50(12)2534–2543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efstathiou J A, Chen M H, Renshaw A A, Loffredo M J, D'Amico A V. Influence of body mass index on prostate-specific antigen failure after androgen suppression and radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. Cancer 2007; 109(8)1493–1498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlinger T P, Platz E A, Rifai N, Helzlsouer K J. C-reactive protein and the risk of incident colorectal cancer. JAMA 2004; 291(5)585–590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasshauer M, Klein J, Neumann S, Eszlinger M, Paschke R. Hormonal regulation of adiponectin gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290(3)1084–1089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer-Posovszky P, Wabitsch M, Hochberg Z. Endocrinology of adipose tissue – an update. Horm Metab Res 2007; 39(5)314–321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FitzGerald A J, Mandir N, Goodlad R A. Leptin, cell proliferation and crypt fission in the gastrointestinal tract of intravenously fed rats. Cell Prolif 2005; 38(1)25–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaherty K T, Fuchs C S, Colditz G A, Stampfer M J, Speizer F E, Willett W C, Curhan G C. A prospective study of body mass index, hypertension, and smoking and the risk of renal cell carcinoma (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16(9)1099–1106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friberg E, Orsini N, Mantzoros C S, Wolk A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2007; 50(7)1365–1374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman J M, Halaas J L. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 1998; 395(6704)763–770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frystyk J. Free insulin-like growth factors – measurements and relationships to growth hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis. Growth Horm IGF Res 2004; 14(5)337–375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao J E, Yuan J M, Ross R K, Yu M C. Lipid peroxidation: a novel and unifying concept of the etiology of renal cell carcinoma (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2002; 13(3)287–293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gago-Dominguez M, Jiang X, Castelao J E. Lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress genes and dietary factors in breast cancer protection: a hypothesis. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9(1)201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giovannucci E. Insulin and colon cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1995; 6(2)164–179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci E. Nutrition, insulin, insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Horm Metab Res 2003; 35(11/12)694–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goktas S, Yilmaz M I, Caglar K, Sonmez A, Kilic S, Bedir S. Prostate cancer and adiponectin. Urology 2005; 65(6)1168–1172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldfine A B, Kahn C R. Adiponectin: linking the fat cell to insulin sensitivity. Lancet 2003; 362(9394)1431–1432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong Z, Agalliu I, Lin D W, Stanford J L, Kristal A R. Obesity is associated with increased risks of prostate cancer metastasis and death after initial cancer diagnosis in middle-aged men. Cancer 2007; 109(6)1192–1202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin P J, Ennis M, Pritchard K I, Trudeau M E, Koo J, Hartwick W, Hoffma B, Hood N. Insulin–like growth factor binding proteins 1 and 3 and breast cancer outcomes. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002; 74(1)65–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grommes C, Landreth G E, Heneka M T. Antineoplastic effects of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma agonists. Lancet Oncol 2004; 5(7)419–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guvakova M A. Insulin-like growth factors control cell migration in health and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39(5)890–909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankinson S E, Willett W C, Colditz G A, Hunter D J, Michaud D S, Deroo B, Rosner B, Speizer F E, Pollak M. Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 1998; 351(9113)1393–1396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardwick J C, Van Den Brink G R, Offerhaus G J, Van Deventer S J, Peppelenbosch M P. Leptin is a growth factor for colonic epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 2001; 121(1)79–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haydon A M, Macinnis R J, English D R, Giles G G. Effect of physical activity and body size on survival after diagnosis with colorectal cancer. Gut 2006; 55(1)62–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirose K, Toyama T, Iwata H, Takezaki T, Hamajima N, Tajima K. Insulin, insulin-like growth factor–I and breast cancer risk in Japanese women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2003; 4(3)239–246
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hotamisligil G S, Shargill N S, Spiegelman B M. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 1993; 259(5091)87–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hursting S D, Nunez N P, Varticovski L, Vinson C. The obesity-cancer link: lessons learned from a fatless mouse. Cancer Res 2007; 67(6)2391–2393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huxley R, Ansary-Moghaddam A, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Barzi F, Woodward M. Type-II diabetes and pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of 36 studies. Br J Cancer 2005; 92(11)2076–2083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC). Weight control and physical activity, H Vainio, F Bianchini, H Vainio, F Bianchini. IARC Press, Lyon 2002
   Google Scholar
• Ishikawa M, Kitayama J, Kazama S, Hiramatsu T, Hatano K, Nagawa H. Plasma adiponectin and gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11(2 Pt 1)466–472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaaks R, Lukanova A, Kurzer M S. Obesity, endogenous hormones, and endometrial cancer risk: a synthetic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11(12)1531–1543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaaks R, Rinaldi S, Key T J, Berrino F, Peeters P H, Biessy C, Dossus L, Lukanova A, Bingham S, Khaw K T. Postmenopausal serum androgens, oestrogens and breast cancer risk: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005; 12(4)1071–1082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaaks R, Toniolo P, Akhmedkhanov A, Lukanova A, Biessy C, Dechaud H, Rinaldi S, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Shore R E, Riboli E. Serum C-peptide, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-binding proteins, and colorectal cancer risk in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92(19)1592–1600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn B B, Flier J S. Obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 473–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katiyar S K, Meeran S M. Obesity increases the risk of UV radiation-induced oxidative stress and activation of MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42(2)299–310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keinan-Boker L, Bueno De Mesquita H B, Kaaks R, Van Gils C H, Van Noord P A, Rinaldi S, Riboli E, Seidell J C, Grobbee D E, Peeters P H. Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I, its binding proteins -1, -2, -3, C-peptide and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2003; 106(1)90–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelesidis I, Kelesidis T, Mantzoros C S. Adiponectin and cancer: a systematic review. Br J Cancer 2006; 94(9)1221–1225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key T J, Appleby P N, Reeves G K, Roddam A, Dorgan J F, Longcope C, Stanczyk F Z, Stephenson H E, Jr, Falk R T, Miller R. Body mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95(16)1218–1226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjaerbye–Thygesen A, Frederiksen K, Hogdall E V, Glud E, Christensen L, Hogdall C K, Blaakaer J, Kjaer S K. Smoking and overweight: negative prognostic factors in stage III epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15(4)798–803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komninou D, Ayonote A, Richie J P, Jr., Rigas B. Insulin resistance and its contribution to colon carcinogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228: 396–405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrie F, Luu–The V, Labrie C, Belanger A, Simard J, Lin S X, Pelletier G. Endocrine and intracrine sources of androgens in women: inhibition of breast cancer and other roles of androgens and their precursor dehydroepiandrosterone. Endocr Rev 2003; 24(2)152–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson S C, Orsini N, Wolk A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97(22)1679–1687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson S C, Orsini N, Wolk A. Body mass index and pancreatic cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cancer 2007; 120(9)1993–1998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson S C, Wolk A. Body mass index and risk of multiple myeloma: A meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2007a; 121(11)2512–2516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson S C, Wolk A. Obesity and colon and rectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2007b; 86(3)556–565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson S C, Wolk A. Obesity and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2007c; 121(7)1564–1570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson S C, Wolk A. Obesity and the risk of gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2007d; 96(9)1457–1461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson S C, Wolk A. Overweight, obesity and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Cancer 2007e; 97(7)1005–1008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson S C, Wolk A. Overweight and obesity and incidence of leukemia: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Cancer 2007, epub
   Google Scholar
• LeRoith D, Roberts C T, Jr. The insulin-like growth factor system and cancer. Cancer Lett 2003; 195(2)127–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Ferber A, Miura M, Baserga R. Mitogenicity and transforming activity of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor with mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain. J Biol Chem 1994; 269(51)32558–32564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao D J, Dickson R B. Roles of androgens in the development, growth, and carcinogenesis of the mammary gland. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 80(2)175–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindblad M, Rodriguez L A, Lagergren J. Body mass, tobacco and alcohol and risk of esophageal, gastric cardia, and gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma among men and women in a nested case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16(3)285–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindblad P, Chow W H, Chan J, Bergstrom A, Wolk A, Gridley G, McLaughlin J K, Nyren O, Adami H O. The role of diabetes mellitus in the aetiology of renal cell cancer. Diabetologia 1999; 42(1)107–112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukanova A, Soderberg S, Kaaks R, Jellum E, Stattin P. Serum adiponectin is not associated with risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15(2)401–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukanova A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Lundin E, Micheli A, Arslan A A, Rinaldi S, Muti P, Lenner P, Koenig K L, Biessy C. Prediagnostic levels of C-peptide, IGF-I, IGFBP -1, -2 and -3 and risk of endometrial cancer. Int J Cancer 2004; 108(2)262–268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma J, Giovannucci E, Pollak M, Leavitt A, Tao Y, Gaziano J M, Stampfer M J. A prospective study of plasma C-peptide and colorectal cancer risk in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96(7)546–553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma J, Pollak M N, Giovannucci E, Chan J M, Tao Y, Hennekens C H, Stampfer M J. Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk in men and plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91(7)620–625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDougald O A, Burant C F. The rapidly expanding family of adipokines. Cell Metab 2007; 6(3)159–161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacInnis R J, English D R. Body size and composition and prostate cancer risk: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Cancer Causes and Control 2006; 17(8)989–1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantzoros C, Petridou E, Dessypris N, Chavelas C, Dalamaga M, Alexe D M, Papadiamantis Y, Markopoulos C, Spanos E, Chrousos G. Adiponectin and breast cancer risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(3)1102–1107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeown-Eyssen G. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer revisited: are serum triglycerides and/or plasma glucose associated with risk?. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994; 3(8)687–695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyoshi Y, Funahashi T, Kihara S, Taguchi T, Tamaki Y, Matsuzawa Y, Noguchi S. Association of serum adiponectin levels with breast cancer risk. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9(15)5699–5704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakae J, Kido Y, Accili D. Distinct and overlapping functions of insulin and IGF-I receptors. Endocr Rev 2001; 22(6)818–835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicodemus K K, Sweeney C, Folsom A R. Evaluation of dietary, medical and lifestyle risk factors for incident kidney cancer in postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer 2004; 108(1)115–121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunez N P, Oh W J, Rozenberg J, Perella C, Anver M, Barrett J C, Perkins S N, Berrigan D, Moitra J, Varticovski L. Accelerated tumor formation in a fatless mouse with type 2 diabetes and inflammation. Cancer Res 2006; 66(10)5469–5476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen C M, Green A C, Whiteman D C, Sadeghi S, Kolahdooz F, Webb P M. Obesity and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43(4)690–709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pajvani U B, Hawkins M, Combs T P, Rajala M W, Doebber T, Berger J P, Wagner J A, Wu M, Knopps A, Xiang A H. Complex distribution, not absolute amount of adiponectin, correlates with thiazolidinedione–mediated improvement in insulin sensitivity. J Biol Chem 2004; 279(13)12152–12162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palma D, Pickles T, Tyldesley S. Obesity as a predictor of biochemical recurrence and survival after radiation therapy for prostate cancer. BJU Int 2007; 100(2)315–319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petridou E, Mantzoros C, Dessypris N, Koukoulomatis P, Addy C, Voulgaris Z, Chrousos G, Trichopoulos D. Plasma adiponectin concentrations in relation to endometrial cancer: a case-control study in Greece. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(3)993–997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdie D M, Bain C J, Webb P M, Whiteman D C, Pirozzo S, Green A C. Body size and ovarian cancer: case-control study and systematic review (Australia). Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12(9)855–863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves G K, Pirie K, Beral V, Green J, Spencer E, Bull D. Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study. BMJ 2007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renehan A G. I Hay, J A Wass. Oxford University, Oxford 2008, Hormones, growth factors and tumor growth
   Google Scholar
• Renehan A G, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A. Obesity and cancer risk: the role of the insulin–IGF axis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2006a; 17(8)328–336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renehan A G, Harvie M, Howell A. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and breast cancer risk: eight years on. Endocr Relat Cancer 2006b; 13(2)273–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renehan A G, O'Connell J, O'Halloran D, Shanahan F, Potten C S, O'Dwyer S T, Shalet S M. Acromegaly and colorectal cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, biological mechanisms, and clinical implications. Horm Metab Res 2003; 35(11–12)712–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renehan A G, Shalet S M. Diabetes, insulin therapy, and colorectal cancer. BMJ 2005; 330(7491)551–552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renehan A G, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller R F, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet 2008; 371(9612)569–578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renehan A G, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O'Dwyer S T, Shalet S M, Egger M. Insulin–like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet 2004; 363(9418)1346–1353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose D P, Komninou D, Stephenson G D. Obesity, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance in breast cancer. Obes Rev 2004; 5(3)153–165
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samani A A, Yakar S, LeRoith D, Brodt P. The role of the IGF system in cancer growth and metastasis: overview and recent insights. Endocr Rev 2007; 28(1)20–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffler A, Scholmerich J, Buechler C. Mechanisms of disease: adipokines and breast cancer – endocrine and paracrine mechanisms that connect adiposity and breast cancer. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3(4)345–354
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schairer C, Hill D, Sturgeon S R, Fears T, Pollak M, Mies C, Ziegler R G, Hoover R N, Sherman M E. Serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and c-peptide and risk of hyperplasia and cancer of the breast in postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer 2004; 108(5)773–779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setiawan V W, Stram D O, Nomura A M, Kolonel L N, Henderson B E. Risk factors for renal cell cancer: the multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166(8)932–940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui S A, Inman B A, Sengupta S, Slezak J M, Bergstralh E J, Leibovich B C, Zincke H, Blute M L. Obesity and survival after radical prostatectomy: A 10-year prospective cohort study. Cancer 2006; 107(3)521–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simopoulos A P. Obesity and carcinogenesis: historical perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45(1 Suppl)271–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stattin P, Kaaks R, Johansson R, Gislefoss R, Soderberg S, Alfthan H, Stenman U H, Jellum E, Olsson T. Plasma leptin is not associated with prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003a; 12(5)474–475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stattin P, Lukanova A, Biessy C, Soderberg S, Palmqvist R, Kaaks R, Olsson T, Jellum E. Obesity and colon cancer: does leptin provide a link?. Int J Cancer 2004; 109(1)149–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stattin P, Palmqvist R, Soderberg S, Biessy C, Ardnor B, Hallmans G, Kaaks R, Olsson T. Plasma leptin and colorectal cancer risk: a prospective study in Northern Sweden. Oncol Rep 2003b; 10(6)2015–2021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stattin P, Soderberg S, Hallmans G, Bylund A, Kaaks R, Stenman U H, Bergh A, Olsson T. Leptin is associated with increased prostate cancer risk: a nested case-referent study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86(3)1341–1345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strom S S, Kamat A M, Gruschkus S K, Gu Y, Wen S, Cheung M R, Pisters L L, Lee A K, Rosser C J, Kuban D A. Influence of obesity on biochemical and clinical failure after external-beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Cancer 2006; 107(3)631–639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surmacz E. Obesity hormone leptin: a new target in breast cancer?. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9(1)301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tilg H, Moschen A R. Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6(10)772–783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toniolo P, Bruning P F, Akhmedkhanov A, Bonfrer J M, Koenig K L, Lukanova A, Shore R E, Zeleniuch–Jacquotte A. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I and breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2000; 88(5)828–832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis R C, Key T J. Oestrogen exposure and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res 2003; 5(5)239–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Gruenigen V E, Tian C, Frasure H, Waggoner S, Keys H, Barakat R R. Treatment effects, disease recurrence, and survival in obese women with early endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 2006; 107(12)2786–2791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vona–Davis L, Rose D P. Adipokines as endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors in breast cancer risk and progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2007; 14(2)189–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Lam K S, Xu A. Adiponectin as a negative regulator in obesity–related mammary carcinogenesis. Cell Res 2007; 17(4)280–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WCRF. World Cancer Reserach Fund. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington 2007
   Google Scholar
• Wei E K, Giovannucci E, Fuchs C S, Willett W C, Mantzoros C S. Low plasma adiponectin levels and risk of colorectal cancer in men: a prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005a; 97(22)1688–1694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei E K, Ma J, Pollak M N, Rifai N, Fuchs C S, Hankinson S E, Giovannucci E. A prospective study of C-peptide, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, and the risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005b; 14(4)850–855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf I, Sadetzki S, Catane R, Karasik A, Kaufman B. Diabetes mellitus and breast cancer. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6(2)103–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakar S, Nunez N P, Pennisi P, Brodt P, Sun H, Fallavollita L, Zhao H, Scavo L, Novosyadlyy R, Kurshan N. Increased tumor growth in mice with diet-induced obesity: impact of ovarian hormones. Endocrinology 2006; 147(12)5826–5834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang G, Lu G, Jin F, Dai Q, Best R, Shu X O, Chen J R, Pan X Y, Shrubsole M, Zheng W. Population-based, case-control study of blood C-peptide level and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10(11)1207–1211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y X, Hennessy S, Lewis J D. Insulin therapy and colorectal cancer risk among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Gastroenterology 2004; 127(4)1044–1050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu H, Spitz M R, Mistry J, Gu J, Hong W K, Wu X. Plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and lung cancer risk: a case-control analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91(2)151–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S M, Buring J E, Lee I M, Cook N R, Ridker P M. C-reactive protein levels are not associated with increased risk for colorectal cancer in women. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142(6)425–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar