References
- Adegunloye B J, Omoniyi J O, Owolabi O A, Ajagbonna O P, Sofola O A, Coker H A. Mechanisms of the blood pressure lowering effect of the calyx extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa. in rats. Afr J Med Med Sci 1996; 25: 235–238
- Agarwal S L, Shinde S. Studies on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. part-II: Preliminary pharmacological investigations. Indian J Med Res 1967; 55: 1007–1010
- Akindahunsi A A, Olaleye M T. Toxicological investigation of aqueous-methanol extract of the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa. L. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 89: 161–164
- Ali B H, Mousa H M, EI-Mougy S. The effect of a water extract and anthocyanins of Hibiscus sabdariffa. L. on paracetamol-induced hepatoxicity in rats. Phytother Res 2003; 17: 56–59
- Ali M B, Salih W M, Mohamed A H, Homeida A M. Investigation of the antispasmodic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa. calyces. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 31: 249–256
- Anonymous. The Wealth of India: Raw Material 5. Publication Information Directorate CSIR, New Delhi 1959; 55–58
- Bell A A, Stiparovic R D, Zhang J, Mace M E, Reibenspies J H. Identification and synthesis of trinorcadalene phytoalexins formed by Hibiscus cannabinus. Phytochemistry 1998; 49: 431–440
- Brunold C, Deters A, Knoepfel-Sidler F, Hafner J, Muller B, Hensel A. Polysaccharides from Hibiscus sabdariffa. flowers stimulate proliferation and differentiation of human keratinocytes. Planta Med 2004; 70: 370–373
- Carvajal-Zarrabal O, Waliszewski S M, Barradas-Dermatz D M, Orta-Flores Z, Hayward-Jones P M, Nolasco-Hiolito C, Angulo-Guerrero O, Sanchez-Ricano R, Infanzon R M, Trujillo P R. The consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa. dried calyx ethanol extract reduced lipid profile in rats. Plant Food Hum Nutr 2005; 60: 153–159
- Chang Y C, Haung K X, Haung A C, Ho Y C, Wang C J. Hibiscus. anthocyanins-rich extract inhibited LDL oxidation and oxLDL-mediated macrophages apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44: 1015–1023
- Chen C C, Hsu J D, Wang S F, Chiang H C, Yang M Y, Kao E S, Ho Y C, Wang C J. Hibiscus sabdariffa. extract inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Agric Food Chem 2003; 57: 5472–5477
- Chopra R N, Nayar S L, Chopra I C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi 1950; 133
- Dua V K, Pandey A C, Alam M E, Dash A P. Larvicidal activity of Hibiscus abelmoschus. Linn. (Malvaceae) against mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2006; 22: 155–157
- Faraji M H, Tarkhani A HH. The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa.) on essential hypertension. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 65: 231–236
- Gangrade H, Mishra S H, Kaushal R. Antimicrobial activity of oil and unsaponifiable matter of red roselle. Indian Drugs 1979; 16: 147–148
- Gurbuz I, Ustun O, Yesilada E, Sezik E, Kutsal O. Anti-ulcerogenic activity of some plants used as folk remedy in Turkey. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 88: 93–97
- Hansawasdi C, Kawabata J, Kasai T. Alpha amylase inhibitors from roselle (H. sabdariffa. Linn.) tea. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000; 64: 1041–1043
- Haruna A K. Cathartic activity of Soborodo:. The aqueous extract of the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa. L. Phytother Res 1997; 11: 307–308
- Herrera A A, Flores R S, Chavez-Soto M A, Tortoriello J. Effectiveness and tolerability of a standardized extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa. in patients with mild to moderate hypertention: A controlled and randomized clinical trial. Phytomedicine 2004; 11: 375–382
- Hirunpanich V, Utaipat A, Morales N P, Bunyapraphata-sara N, Sato H, Herunsalee A, Suthisisang C. Antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts of dried calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Linn, (roselle) in vitro. using rat low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28: 481–484
- Hirunpanich V, Utaipat A, Morales N P, Bunyapraphatasara N, Sato H, Herunsalee A, Suthisisang C. Hypocholes-tremic and antioxidant effect of the aqueous extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Linn, in hypercholestremic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 103: 252–260
- Hou D X, Tong X, Terahara N, Lou D, Fujii M. Delphenidin 3-sambubioside, a Hibiscus. anthocyanin, induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells through reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 440: 101–109
- Jain R, Arora R, Jain S C. Chemical constituents and bioactivity studies of Hibiscus micranthus. Linn. Indian J Pharm Sci Mar–Apr 1997; 91–93
- Jonadet M, Basted J, Bastide P, Boyer B, Carnat A P, Lamaison J L. In vitro. enzyme inhibitory and in vivo. cardioprotective activities of Hibiscus. (Hibiscus sabdariffa. L.). J Pharm Belg 1990; 45: 120–124
- Kasture V S, Chopde C T, Deshmukh V K. Anticon-vulsive activity of Albizzia lebbeck, Hibiscus rosa-sinesis. and Butea monosperma. in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 71: 65–75
- Kholkute S D, Chatterjee S, Udupa K N. Effect of Hibiscus rosasinensis. Linn, on estrous cycle and reproductive organs in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1976; 14: 703–704
- Kholkute S D, Udupa K N. Effects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. on pregnancy of rats. Planta Med 1976a; 29: 321–329
- Kholkute S D, Udupa K N. Antioetrogenic activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Linn, flowers. Indian J Exp Biol 1976b; 14: 175–176
- Kholkute S D. Effect of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. on spermatogenesis and accessory reproductive organs in rats. Planta Med 1977; 31: 127–135
- Kholkute S D, Mudgal V, Udupa K N. Studies on the antifertility potentiality of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis:. Parts of medicinal value: Selection of species and seasonal variations. Planta Med 1977; 31: 35–39
- Kirdpon S, Nakoran S N, Kirdpon W. Changes in urinary chemical composition in healthy volunteers after consuming roselle (Hibiscus sadbariffa. Linn.) juice. Med Assoc Thai 1994; 77: 314–321
- Kobaisy M, Tellez M R, Webber C L, Dayan F E, Schrader K K, Wedge D E. Phytotoxic and fungitoxic activities of the essential oil of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabi-nus. L.) leaves and its composition. J. Agric Food Chem 2001; 49: 3768–3771
- Kwon S W, Hong S S, Kim J I, Ahn I H. Antioxidant properties of heat-treated Hibiscus syriacus. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 2003; 1: 20–21
- Lee S J, Yun Y S, Lee I K, Ryoo I J, Yun B S, Yoo I D. An antioxidant lignan and other constituents from the root bark of Hibiscus syriacus. Planta Med 1999; 65: 658–660
- Lin K, Tsao S, Yin M. In vitro. antibacterial activity of roselle calyx and protocatechuic acid. Phytother Res 2005; 19: 942–945
- Lin W L, Hsieh Y J, Chou F P, Wang C J, Cheng M T, Tseng T H. Hibiscus. protocatechuic acid inhibits lipo-polysaccharide induce rat hepatic damage. Arch Toxicol 2003; 77: 42–47
- Liu C L, Wang J M, Chu C Y, Cheng M T, Tseng T H. In vivo. protective effect of protocatechuic acid on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced rat hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40: 635–641
- Miiller B M, Franz G. Chemical structure and biological activity of polysaccharides from Hibiscus sabdariffa. Planta Med 1992; 58: 60–67
- Moundipa F P, Kamtchouing P, Koueta N, Tantchou J, Foyang N P, Mbiapo F T. Effects of aqueous extracts of Hibiscus macranthus. and Basella alba. in mature rat testis function. J. Ethnopharmacol 1999; 65: 133–139
- Murthy D RK, Reddy C M, Patil S B. Effect of benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. on the estrous cycle and ovarian activity in albino mice. Biol Pharm Bull 1997; 20: 756–758
- Nivsarkar M, Patel M, Padh H, Bapu C, Shrivastava N. Blastosyst implantation failure in mice due to nonreceptive endometrium endometrial alterations by Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. leaf extract. Contraception 2005; 71: 227–230
- Obiefuna P CM, Owolabi O A, Adegunloye B J, Obiefuna I P, Sofola O A. The petal extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa. produces relaxation of isolated rat aorta. Int J Pharmacog 1994; 32: 69–74
- Onyenekwe P C, Ajani E O, Ameh D A, Gamaniel K S. Antihypertensive effect of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa.) calyx infusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats and a comparison of its toxicity with that in Wistar rats. Cell Biochem Funct 1999; 17: 199–206
- Orisakwe O E, Husaini D C, Afonne O J. Testicular effects of sub-chronic administration of Hibiscus sabdariffa. calyx aqueous extract in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2004; 18: 295–298
- Owolabi O A, Adegunloye B J, Ajagbona O P, Sofola O A, Obiefuna P CM. Mechanism of relaxant effect mediated by an aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa. petals in isolated rat aorta. Int J Pharmacog 1995; 33: 210–214
- Parmar N S, Ghosh M N. Protective effect of some bioflavanoid on X-irradiation-induced increase in capillary permeability of rat intestine. Indian J Exp Biol 1977; 15: 1311–1313
- Parmar N S, Ghosh M N. Antiinflammatory activity of gossypin, a bioflavonoid isolated from Hibiscus viti-folius. Linn. Indian J Pharmacog 1978; 10: 277–293
- Parrota A J. Healing Plants of Peninsular India. CABI Publishing, New York 2001; 475–478
- Perez-Trueba G, Ramos-Guanche C, Martinez-Sanchez B, Marquez-Hernandez I, Giuliani A, Martinez-Sanchez G. Protective effect of gossypitrin on carbon tetrachloride-induced in vivo. hepatotoxicity. Redox Rep 2003; 8: 15–21
- Raghunathan V, Sulochana N. A new flavonol bioside from the flowers of Hibiscus vitifolius. Linn, and its hypoglycemic activity. J Indian Chem Soc 1994; 71: 705–706
- Reddy C M, Murthy D RK, Patil S B. Antispermato-genic and androgenic activities of various extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. in albino mice. Indian J Exp Biol 1997; 35: 1170–1174
- Sachdewa A, Raina D, Srivastava A K, Khemani L D. Effect of Aegle marmelos. and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. leaf extract on glucose tolerance in glucose induced hyperglycemic rats (Charles Foster). J. Environ Biol 2001a; 22: 53–57
- Sachdewa A, Nigam R, Khemani L D. Hypoglycemic effects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. L. leaf extract in glucose and streptozotocin induced hyperglycemic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2001b; 39: 284–286
- Sachdewa A, Khemani L D. Effect of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Linn, ethanol flower extract on blood glucose and lipid profile in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 89: 61–66
- Salah A M, Gathumbi J, Vierling W. Inhibition of intestinal motility by methanol extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa. L. (Malavaceae) in rats. Phytother Res 2002; 16: 283–285
- Shah M A, Bokadia M M, Mehta B K, Jain S. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of some seed oils. Fitoterapia 1988; 59: 126–128
- Shanmugasundaram K R, Seethapathy P G, Shanmuga-sundaram E R. Anna Pavala Sindhooram—an antiatherosclerotic Indian drug. J Ethnopharmacol 1983; 7: 247–265
- Singh M P, Singh R H, Udupa K N. Antifertility of a benzene extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. flowers on female albino rats. Planta Med 1982; 44: 171–174
- Telefo P B, Moundipa P F, Tehana A N.C., Tchouanguep C D, Mbiapo F T. Effects of an aqueous extract of Aloe buettneri, Justica insularis, Hibiscus macranthus, Dicliptera verticillata. on some physiological and biochemical parameters of reproduction in immature female rats. J. Ethnopharmacol 1998; 63: 193–200
- Tseng T H, Kao E S, Chu C Y, Chou F P, Lin H-W, Wu H W, Wang C J. Protective effects of dried flower extracts of Hibiscus sabdrriffa. L. against oxidative stress in rat primary hepotocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 1997; 35: 1159–1164
- Tseng T H, Kao T W, Chu C Y, Chou F P, Lin W L, Wang C J. Induction of apoptosis by Hibiscus. protocate-chuic acid in human leukemia cells via reduction of retinoblastoma (RB) phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60: 307–315
- Tseng T H, Wang C J, Kao E S, Chu H Y. Hibiscus. protocatechuic acid protects against oxidative damage induced by t.-butyl hydroperoxide in rat primary hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 1996; 101: 137–148
- Wang C J, Wang J M, Lin W L, Chu C Y, Chou F P, Tseng T H. Protective effect of Hibiscus. anthocyanins against t.-butyl hydroperoxide-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2000; 38: 411–416
- Wu P L, Wu T S, He C X, Su C H, Lee K H. Constituents from the stems of Hibiscus taiwanensis. Chem Pharm Bull 2005; 53: 56–59
- Yokota M, Zenda H, Kosuge T, Yamamoto T. Studies on isolation of naturally occurring biologically active principles IV: Antifungal constituents of the bark of Hibiscus syriacus. L. Yakugaku Zasshi 1978; 98: 1508–1511
- Yoo I D, Yun B S, Lee I K, Ryoo I J, Choung D H, Han K H. Three napthalenes from root bark of Hibiscus syriacus. Phytochemistry 1998; 47: 799–802
- Yun B S, Ryoo I J, Lee I K, Park K H, Choung D H, Han K H, Yoo I D. Two bioactive pentacyclic triterpene esters from root bark of Hibiscus syriacus. J Nat Prod 1999; 62: 764–766
- Yun B S, Ryoo I J, Lee I K, Park K H, Choung D H, Han K H, Yoo I D. Coumarins with monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity and antioxidative coumarino-lignans from Hibiscus syriacus. J Nat Prod 2001; 64: 1238–1240