Anti-inflammatory activities of Echinacea extracts do not correlate with traditional marker components

References

• Barrett B (2003): Medicinal properties of Echinacea: A critical review. Phytomedicine 10: 66–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes J, Anderson LA, Gibbons S, Phillipson JD (2005): Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell. Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench: A review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. J Pharm Pharmacol 57: 929–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer R (1998): Echinacea: Biological effects and active principals. Phytomedicines of Europe: Chemistry and biological activity. In: Lawson LD, Bauer R, eds., ACS Symposium Series 691. Washington, DC, American Chemical Society, pp. 140–157.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer R, Khan IA, Wagner H (1988): TLC and HPLC analysis of E. pallida, and E. angustifolia roots. Planta Med 54: 426–430.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Binns SE, Livesey JF, Arnason JT, Baum BR (2002): Phytochemical variation in Echinacea from roots and flowerheads of wild and cultivated populations. J Agric Food Chem 50: 3673–3687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger RA, Torres AR, Warren RP, Caldwell VD, Hughes BD (1997): Echinacea-induced cytokine production by human macrophages. Int J Immunopharmacol 19: 371–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards MR, Hewson CA, Laza-Stanca V, Lau HTH, Mukaida N, Hershenson MB, Johnston SL (2007): Protein kinase R, IkB kinase b, and NFkB are required for human rhinovirus induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in bronchial epithelial cells. Mol Immunol 44: 1587–1597.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gertsch J, Schoop R, Kuenzle U, Suter A (2004): Echinacea alkylamides modulate TNF-alpha gene expression via cannabinoid receptor CB2 and multiple signal transduction pathways. FEBS Lett 577: 563–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel V, Chang C, Slama JV, Barton R, Bauer R, Gahler R, Basu TK (2002): Echinacea stimulates macrophage function in the lung and spleen of normal rats. J Nutr Biochem 13: 487–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson JB, Graham A, Towers GHN (1982): Nature of the interaction between the photoactive compound phenylheptatriyne and animal viruses. Photochem Photobiol 36: 181–185.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hudson J, Vimalanathan S, Kang L, Treyvaud Amiguet V, Livesey J, Arnason JT (2005): Characterization of antiviral activities in Echinacea root preparations. Pharm Biol 43: 790–796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaLone CA, Hammer KDP, Wu L, Bae J, Leyva M, Liu Y, Solco AKS, George A, Kraus GA, Murphy PA, Wurtele ES, Kim O-K, Seo K, Widrlechner MP, Birt DF (2007): Echinacea species and alkamides inhibit prostaglandin E2 production in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. J Agric Food Chem 55: 7314–7322.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merali S Binns SE, Paulin-Levasseur M, Ficker C, Smith M, Baum BR, Brovelli E, Arnason JT (2003): Antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity of the genus Echinacea (Asteraceae). Pharm Biol 41: 412–420.
   Google Scholar
• Message SD, Johnston SL (2004): Host defense function of the airway epithelium in health and disease clinical. backgroundJ Leukocyte Biol 75: 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Mosser AG, Vrtis R, Burchell L, Lee WM, Dick CR, Weisshaar E, Bock D, Swenson CA, Cornwell RD, Meyer KC, Jarjour NN, Busse WW, Gern JE (2005): Quantitative and qualitative analysis of rhinovirus infection in bronchial tissues. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171: 645–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raduner S, Majewska A, Chen JZ, Xie XQ, Hamon J, Faller B, Altmann KH, Gertsch J (2006): Alkylamides from Echinacea are a new class of cannabinomimetics. J Biol Chem 281: 14192–14206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rininger JA, Kickner S, Chigurupati P, McLean A, Franck Z (2000): Immunopharmacological activity of Echinacea preparations following simulated digestion on murine macrophages and human peripheral blood cells. J Leukocyte Biol 68: 503–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller M, Hogaboam CM, Lukacs N, Kunkel SL (2006): Respiratory viral infections drive chemokine expression and exacerbate the asthmatic response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 118: 295–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma M, Arnason JT, Burt A, Hudson JB (2006): Echinacea extracts modulate the pattern of chemokine and cytokine secretion in rhinovirus-infected and uninfected epithelial cells. Phytother Res 20: 147–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vimalanathan S, Kang L, Treyvaud Amiguet V, Livesey J, Arnason JT, Hudson J (2005): Echinacea purpurea aerial parts contain multiple antiviral compounds. Pharm Biol 43: 740–745.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar