Red ginseng powder fermented with probiotics exerts antidiabetic effects in the streptozotocin-induced mouse diabetes model

References

• Amos AF, McCarty DJ, Zimmet P. 1997. The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. Diabet Med. 14:S1–S85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen LP. 2009. Ginsenosides chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. Adv Food Nutr Res. 55:1–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans JS, Gerritsen GC, Mann KM, Owen SP. 1965. Antitumor and hyperglycemic activity of streptozotocin (NSC-37917) and its cofactor, U-15,774. Cancer Chemother Rep. 48:1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feng Q, Torii Y, Uchida K, Nakamura Y, Hara Y, Osawa T. 2002. Black tea polyphenols, theaflavins, prevent cellular DNA damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and suppressing cytochrome P450 1A1 in cell cultures. J Agr Food Chem. 50:213–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han HK, Je HS, Kim GH. 2010. Effect of Cirsium japonicum powder on plasma glucose and lipid level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Korean J Food Sci Technol. 42:343–349.
   Google Scholar
• Han CC, Wei H, Guo J. 2011. Anti-inflammatory effects of fermented and non-fermented Sophora flavescens: a comparative study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 11:100–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang SH, Park J, Kim SH, Choi KM, Ko ES, Cha JD, Lee YR, Jang H, Jang YS. 2016. Oral administration of red ginseng powder fermented with probiotic alleviates the severity of dextran-sulfate sodium-induced colitis in a mouse model. Chin J Nat Med. In press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junod A, Lambert AE, Orci L, Pictet R, Gonet AE, Renold AE. 1967. Studies of the diabetogenic action of streptozotocin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 126:201–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang KS, Ham J, Kim YJ, Park JH, Cho EJ, Yamabe N. 2013. Heat-processed Panax ginseng and diabetic renal damage: active components and action mechanism. J Ginseng Res. 37:379–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannel WB, McGee DL. 1979. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study. JAMA. 241:2035–2038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SK, Cuzzort LM, McKean RK, Allen ED. 1990. Effects of diabetes and insulin on alpha-amylase messenger RNA levels in rat parotid glands. J Dent Res. 69:1500–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KS, Yang HJ, Lee IS, Kim KH, Park J, Jeong HS, Kim Y, Ahn KS, Na YC, Jang HJ. 2015. The aglycone of ginsenoside Rg3 enables glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in enteroendocrine cells and alleviates hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic mice. Sci Rep. 5:18325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura M, Waki I, Chujo T, Kikuchi T, Hiyama C, Yamazaki K, Tanaka O. 1981. Effects of hypoglycemic components in ginseng radix on blood insulin level in alloxan diabetic mice and on insulin release from perfused rat pancreas. J Pharmacobiodyn. 4:410–417.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kong BM, Park MJ, Min JW, Kim HB, Kim SH, Kim SY, Yang DC. 2008. Physicochemical characteristics of white, fermented and red ginseng extracts. J Ginseng Res. 32:238–243.
   Google Scholar
• Kuo KL, Weng MS, Chiang CT, Tsai YJ, Lin-Shiau SY, Lin JK. 2005. Comparative studies on the hypolipidemic and growth suppressive effects of oolong, black, pu-erh, and green tea leaves in rats. J Agric Food Chem. 53:480–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusznierewicz B, Śmiechowska A, Bartoszek A, Namieśnik J. 2008. The effect of heating and fermenting on antioxidant properties of white cabbage. Food Chem. 108:853–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HA, Kwon SO, Lee HB. 1997. Hypoglycemic action of components from red ginseng: (I) Investigation of the effect of ginsenosides from red ginseng on enzymes related to glucose metabolism in cultured rat hepatocytes. Korean J Ginseng Sci. 21:174–186.
   Google Scholar
• Lee IS, Lee SO, Lee IZ. 2003. Effect of tissue cultured ginseng on blood glucose and lipids in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Korean J Food Sci Technol. 35:280–285.
   Google Scholar
• Lee JG, Park SW, Cho BM, Lee S, Kim YJ, Jeong DW, Yi YH, Cho YH. 2011. Serum amylase and risk of the metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Clin Chim Acta. 412:1848–1853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SI, Lee YK, Kim SD, Yang SH, Suh JW. 2012. Dietary effects of post-fermented green tea by Monascus pilosus on the body weight, serum lipid profiles and the activities of hepatic antioxidative enzymes in mouse fed a high fat diet. J Appl Biol Chem. 55:85–94.
   Google Scholar
• Liu C, Hu M, Guo H, Zhang M, Zhang J, Li F, Zhong Z, Chen Y, Li Y, Xu P, et al. 2015. Combined contribution of increased intestinal permeability and inhibited deglycosylation of ginsenoside Rb1 in the intestinal tract to the enhancement of ginsenoside Rb1 exposure in diabetic rats after oral administration. Drug Metab Dispos. 43:1702–1710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLennan AH, Wilson DH, Taylor AW. 1996. Prevalence and cost of alternative medicine in Australia. Lancet. 347:569–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam KY. 2005. The comparative understanding between red ginseng and white ginsengs, processed ginsengs (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). J Ginseng Res. 29:1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Ng TB, Yeung HW. 1985. Hypoglycemic constituents of Panax ginseng. Gen Pharmacol. 16:549–552.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oh WK, Lee CH, Lee MS, Bae EY, Sohn CB, Oh H, Kim BY, Ahn JS. 2005. Antidiabetic effects of extracts from Psidium guajava. J Ethnopharmacol. 96:411–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanada S, Kondo N, Shoji J, Tanaka O, Shibata S. 1974. Studies on the saponins of ginseng. I. Structures of ginsenoside-R0, -Rb1, -Rb2, -Rc and -Rd. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 22:421–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin YS. 2010. Comparisons of ginsenosides and anti-inflammatory effects of white ginseng and puffed red ginseng. Korean J Food Cook Sci. 26:475–480.
   Google Scholar
• Sievenpiper JL, Sung MK, Di Buono M, Lee KS, Nam KY, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V. 2006. Korean red ginseng rootlets decrease acute postprandial glycemia: results from sequential preparation- and dose-finding studies. J Am Coll Nutr. 25:100–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HAW, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, Hadden D, Turner RC, Holman RR., 2000. Association of glycemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ. 321:405–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung H, Jung YS, Cho YK. 2009. Beneficial effects of a combination of Korean red ginseng and highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 16:1127–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinh HT, Han SJ, Kim SW, Lee YC, Kim DH. 2007. Bifidus fermentation increases hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of red ginseng. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 17:1127–1133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, Wong E, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Francis T, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Josse RG, et al. 2000. American ginseng improves glycemia in individuals with normal glucose tolerance: effect of dose and time escalation. J Am Coll Nutr. 19:738–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuksan V, Sung MK, Sievenpiper JL, Stavro PM, Jenkins AL, Di Buono M, Lee KS, Leiter LA, Nam KY, Arnason JT, et al. 2008. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves glucose and insulin regulation in well-controlled, type 2 diabetes: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 18:46–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams JA, Goldfine ID. 1985. The insulin-pancreatic acinar axis. Diabetes. 34:980–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang CS, Ko SR, Cho BG, Lee JY, Kim KH, Shin DM, Yuk JM, Sohn HJ, Kim YS, Wee JJ, et al. 2007. Compound K (CK) rich fractions from Korean red ginseng inhibit Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4- or TLR9-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinases activation and pro-inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. J Ginseng Res. 31:181–190.
   Google Scholar
• Yokozawa T, Kobayashi T, Oura H, Kawashima Y. 1985. Studies on the mechanism of the hypoglycemic activity of ginsenoside-Rb2 in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 33:869–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar