The perceived impact of fluency on personalities of adults who stutter: implicit evidence of self-stigma

References

• Louis KO, editor. Stuttering meets sterotype, stigma, and discrimination: an overview of attitude research. 1st ed. St Morganton (WV): WVU Books; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Investing in mental health. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Boyle MP. Personal perceptions and perceived public opinion about stuttering in the United States: implications for anti-stigma campaigns. Am J Speech-Language Pathol. 2017;26(3):921–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle MP. Assessment of stigma associated with stuttering: development and evaluation of the self-stigma of stuttering scale (4S). J Speech, Language, Hearing Res. 2013;56(5):1517–1529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle MP, Fearon AN. Self-stigma and its associations with stress, physical health, and health care satisfaction in adults who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2018;56:112–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloodstein O, Ratner NB. A handbook on stuttering. Clifton Park (NY): Thomas Delmar Learning; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Costa PT, Jr, McCrae RR. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PIR) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa (FL): Psychological Assessment Resources; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• McCrae RR, Costa PT. Jr. Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. J Personality Social Psychol. 1987;52(1):81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverach L, O’Brian S, Jones M, et al. The five factor model of personality applied to adults who stutter. J Commun Disord. 2010;43(2):120–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleek B, Montag C, Faber J, et al. Investigating personality in stuttering: results of a case control study using the NEO-FFI. J Commun Disord. 2011;44(2):218–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jafari R, Baziar M, Bleek B, et al. Personality attributes of Iranian people who stutter. J Commun Disord. 2015;58:119–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumgart E, Tran Y, Craig A. Social anxiety disorder in adults who stutter. Depression Anxiety. 2010;27(7):687–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverach L, Rapee RM. Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: current status and future directions. J Fluency Disord. 2014;40:69–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein MB, Baird A, Walker JR. Social phobia in adults with stuttering. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153(2):278–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connery A, McCurtin A, Robinson K. The lived experience of stuttering: a synthesis of qualitative studies with implications for rehabilitation. Disabil Rehabil. 2020;42(16):2232–2211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klompas M, Ross E. Life experiences of people who stutter, and the perceived impact of stuttering on quality of life: personal accounts of South African individuals. J Fluency Disord. 2004;29(4):275–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee S, Casenhiser D, Hedinger T, et al. The perceived impact of stuttering on personality as measured by the NEO-FFI-3. Logoped, Phoniatr, Vocol. 2017;42(1):22–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AIG. Theory of Mind. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Luyten P, Fonagy P. The neurobiology of mentalizing. Personality Disord. 2015;6(4):366–379.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang J, Saltuklaroglu T, Hough M, et al. Jobs, sex, love and lifestyle: when nonstutterers assume the roles of stutterers. Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2009;61(1):18–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin M, Mussweiler T. The culture of social comparison. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2018;115(39):E9067–E9074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biernat M. Toward a broader view of social stereotyping. Am Psychol. 2003;58(12):1019–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussweiler T. Comparison processes in social judgment: mechanisms and consequences. Psychol Rev. 2003;110(3):472–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause S, Weber S. Lift me up by looking down: social comparison effects of narratives. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link BG, Phelan JC, Bresnahan M, et al. Public conceptions of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. Am J Public Health. 1999;89(9):1328–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas JW, Phelan JC. Stigma and status: the interrelation of two theoretical perspectives. Social Psychol Quart. 2012;75(4):310–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey JC, Richmond VP, Daly JA, et al. Studies of the relationship between communication apprehension and self-esteem. Human Comm Res. 1977;3(3):269–277.
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan J. Conflct theory and avoidance-reduction therapy. New York (NY): Harper and Row; 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Manning W, Gayle Beck J. The role of psychological processes in estimates of stuttering severity. J Fluency Disord. 2013;38(4):356–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller S, Watson BC. The relationship between communication attitude, anxiety, and depression in stutterers and nonstutterers. J Speech Hearing Res. 1992;35(4):789–798.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bleek B, Reuter M, Yaruss JS, et al. Relationships between personality characteristics of people who stutter and the impact of stuttering on everyday life. J Fluency Disord. 2012;37(4):325–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blood GW, Boyle MP, Blood IM, et al. Bullying in children who stutter: speech-language pathologists’ perceptions and intervention strategies. J Fluency Disord. 2010;35(2):92–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adriaensens S, Beyers W, Struyf E. Impact of stuttering severity on adolescents’ domain-specific and general self-esteem through cognitive and emotional mediating processes. J Commun Disord. 2015;58:43–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun RY, Mendes CD, Yaruss JS, et al. The impact of stuttering on quality of life of children and adolescents. Pro-Fono: Revista de Atualizacao Cientifica. 2010;22(4):567–569.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Borsel J, Brepoels M, De Coene J. Stuttering, attractiveness and romantic relationships: the perception of adolescents and young adults. J Fluency Disord. 2011;36(1):41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabel RM, Blood GW, Tellis GM, et al. Measuring role entrapment of people who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2004;29(1):27–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqhazo M, Blomgren M, Roy N, et al. Discrimination and internalised feelings experienced by people who stutter in Jordan. Int J Speech-Language Pathol. 2017;19(5):519–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein JF, Hood SB. The impact of stuttering on employment opportunities and job performance. J Fluency Disord. 2004;29(4):255–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St Louis KO, Węsierska K, Przepiórka A, et al. Success in changing stuttering attitudes: a retrospective analysis of 29 intervention studies. J Commun Disord. 2019;84:105972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Riper C. The treatment of stuttering. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall; 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Iverach L, Rapee RM, Wong QJJ, et al. Maintenance of social anxiety in stuttering: a cognitive-behavioral model. Am J Speech-Language Pathol. 2017;26(2):540–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mongia M, Gupta AK, Vijay A, et al. Management of stuttering using cognitive behavior therapy and mindfulness meditation. Industrial Psychiatry J. 2019;28(1):4–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy WP, Yaruss JS, Quesal RW. Enhancing treatment for school-age children who stutter I. Reducing negative reactions through desensitization and cognitive restructuring. J Fluency Disord. 2007;32(2):121–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tichenor S, Yaruss JS. Repetitive negative thinking, temperament, and adverse impact in adults who stutter. Am J Speech-Language Pathol. 2020;29(1):201–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St Clare T, Menzies RG, Onslow M, et al. Unhelpful thoughts and beliefs linked to social anxiety in stuttering: development of a measure. Int J Language Commun Disord. 2009;44(3):338–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar