Atrial septal defect patients have an elevated risk for infective endocarditis

References

• Cahill TJ, Prendergast BD. Infective endocarditis. Lancet. 2016;387(10021):882–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ternhag A, Cederström A, Törner A, et al. A nationwide cohort study of mortality risk and Long-Term prognosis in infective endocarditis in Sweden. PLOS One. 2013;8(7):e67519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayer MJ, Jones S, Prendergast B, et al. Incidence of infective endocarditis in England, 2000-13: a secular trend, interrupted time-series analysis. Lancet. 2015;385(9974):1219–1228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah ASV, McAllister DA, Gallacher P, et al. Incidence, microbiology, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with infective endocarditis. Circulation. 2020;141(25):2067–2077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strom BL, Abrutyn E, Berlin JA, et al. Dental and cardiac risk factors for infective endocarditis. A population-based, case-control study. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(10):761–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglund E, Johansson B, Dellborg M, et al. High incidence of infective endocarditis in adults with congenital ventricular septal defect. Heart. 2016;102(22):1835–1839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuijpers JM, Koolbergen DR, Groenink M, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and predictors of infective endocarditis in adult congenital heart disease: focus on the use of prosthetic material. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(26):2048–2056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: the task force for the management of infective endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J. 2015;36(44):3075–3128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knirsch W, Nadal D. Infective endocarditis in congenital heart disease. Eur J Pediatr. 2011;170(9):1111–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshinaga M, Niwa K, Niwa A, et al. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality during infective endocarditis in patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(1):114–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tutarel O, Alonso-Gonzalez R, Montanaro C, et al. Infective endocarditis in adults with congenital heart disease remains a lethal disease. Heart. 2018;104(2):161–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knirsch W, Haas NA, Uhlemann F, et al. Clinical course and complications of infective endocarditis in patients growing up with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol. 2005;101(2):285–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rushani D, Kaufman JS, Ionescu-Ittu R, et al. Infective endocarditis in children with congenital heart disease: cumulative incidence and predictors. Circulation. 2013;128(13):1412–1419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheugt CL, Uiterwaal CSPM, van der Velde ET, et al. Turning 18 with congenital heart disease: prediction of infective endocarditis based on a large population. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(15):1926–1934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muroke V, Jalanko M, Haukka J, et al. Cause-specific mortality of patients with atrial septal defect and up to 50 years of follow-up. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(2):e027635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylotte D, Rushani D, Therrien J, et al. Incidence, predictors, and mortality of infective endocarditis in adults with congenital heart disease without prosthetic valves. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(12):2278–2283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abaci A, Unlu S, Alsancak Y, et al. Short and long term complications of device closure of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale: meta-analysis of 28,142 patients from 203 studies. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;82(7):1123–1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maser M, Freisinger E, Bronstein L, et al. Frequency, mortality, and predictors of adverse outcomes for endocarditis in patients with congenital heart disease: results of a nationwide analysis including 2512 endocarditis cases. JCM. 2021;10(21):5071.
   Google Scholar
• Garrison PK, Freedman LR. Experimental endocarditis I. Staphylococcal endocarditis in rabbits resulting from placement of a polyethylene catheter in the right side of the heart. Yale J Biol Med. 1970;42(6):394–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shive MS, Hasan SM, Anderson JM. Shear stress effects on bacterial adhesion, leukocyte adhesion, and leukocyte oxidative capacity on a polyetherurethane. J Biomed Mater Res. 1999;46(4):511–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langille BL. Morphologic responses of endothelium to shear stress: reorganization of the adherens junction. UMIC. 2001;8(3):195–206.
   Google Scholar
• Rosén L, Stecksén-Blicks C. Experience of dental care for children with congenital heart disease among swedish dentists. Swed Dent J. 2007;31(2):85–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson WR, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, et al. Prevention of viridans group streptococcal infective endocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(20):e963–e978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Linde D, Konings EEM, Slager MA, et al. Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(21):2241–2247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar