Brain MRI in patients with acute confusional state of diffuse psychiatric/neuropsychological syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus

References

• Ruiz-Irastorza G, Khamashta MA, Castellino G, Hughes GR. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet. 2001;357:1027–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson T, Myers AR. Nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 1975;35:398–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris EN, Hughes GR. Cerebral disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 1985;8:251–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainiala H, Hietaharju A, Loukkola J, Peltola J, Korpela M, Metsänoja R, et al. Validity of the new American College of Rheumatology criteria for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes: a population-based evaluation. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;45:419–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brey RL, Holliday SL, Saklad AR, Navarrete MG, Hermosillo-Romo D, Stallworth CL, et al. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in lupus: prevalence using standardized definitions. Neurology. 2002;58:1214–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanly JG, McCurdy G, Fougere L, Douglas JA, Thompson K. Neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus: attribution and clinical significance. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:2156–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanna G, Bertolaccini ML, Cuadrado MJ, Laing H, Khamashta MA, Mathieu A, et al. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence and association with antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:985–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibbitt WL Jr, Brandt JR, Johnson CR, Maldonado ME, Patel SR, Ford CC, et al. The incidence and prevalence of neuropsychiatric syndromes in pediatric onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:1536–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ACR Ad Hoc Committee on Neuropsychiatric Lupus Nomenclature. The American College of Rheumatology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:599–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertsias GK, Ioannidis JP, Aringer M, Bollen E, Bombardieri S, Bruce IN, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus with neuropsychiatric manifestations: report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for clinical affairs. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:2074–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luyendijk J, Steens SC, Ouwendijk WJ, Steup-Beekman GM, Bollen EL, van der Grond J, et al. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: lessons learned from magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:722–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steup-Beekman GM, Zirkzee EJ, Cohen D, Gahrmann BM, Emmer BJ, Steens SC, et al. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: epidemiology and radiology pointing to an immune-mediated cause. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(Suppl 2):ii76–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluestein HG, Williams GW, Steinberg AD. Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to neuronal cells: association with neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med. 1981;70:240–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isshi K, Hirohata S. Differential roles of the anti-ribosomal P antibody and antineuronal antibody in the pathogenesis of central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:1819–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirohata S, Kanai Y, Mitsuo A, Tokano Y, Hashimoto H, NPSLE Research Subcommittee. Accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid IL-6 testing for diagnosis of lupus psychosis. A multicenter retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28:1319–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arinuma Y, Kikuchi H, Wada T, Nagai T, Tanaka S, Oba H, et al. Brain MRI in patients with diffuse psychiatric/neuropsychological syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med. 2014;1:e000050.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tokano Y, Morimoto S, Amano H, Kawanishi T, Yano T, Tomyo M, et al. The relationship between initial clinical manifestation and long-term prognosis of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Mod Rheumatol. 2005;15:275–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zirkzee EJ, Huizinga TW, Bollen EL, van Buchem MA, Middelkoop HA, van der Wee NJ, et al. Mortality in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). Lupus. 2014;23:31–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, Masi AT, McShane DJ, Rothfield NF, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1982;25:1271–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isshi K, Hirohata S. Association of anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:1483–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirohata S, Miyamoto T. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system involvement. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:644–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isenberg DA, Rahman A, Allen E, Farewell V, Akil M, Bruce IN, et al. BILAG 2004. Development and initial validation of an updated version of the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group's disease activity index for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44:902–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karassa FB, Ioannidis JP, Boki KA, Touloumi G, Argyropoulou MI, Strigaris KA, et al. Predictors of clinical outcome and radiologic progression in patients with neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med. 2000;109:628–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appenzeller S, Vasconcelos Faria A, Li LM, Costallat LT, Cendes F. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analyses and clinical significance of hyperintense white matter lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Ann Neurol. 2008;64:635–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura M, Aramaki K, Wada T, Nichi K, Matsushita R, Iizuka N, et al. Reversible focal neurological deficits in systemic lupus erythematosus: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. J Neurol Sci. 2008;272:71–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirohata S, Sakuma Y, Yanagida T, Yoshio T. Blood-brain barrier damages and intrathecal synthesis of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor NR2 antibodies in diffuse psychiatric/neuropsychological syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16:R77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshio T, Okamoto H, Hirohata S, Minota S. IgG anti-NR2 glutamate receptor autoantibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus activate endothelial cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:457–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirohata S, Sakuma Y, Yanagida T, Yoshio T. Association of cerebrospinal fluid anti-Sm antibodies with acute confusional state in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16:450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Giorgio LA, Konstantinov KN, Lee SC, Hardin JA, Volpe BT, Diamond B. A subset of lupus anti-DNA antibodies cross-reacts with the NR2 glutamate receptor in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Med. 2001;7:1189–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arinuma Y, Yanagida T, Hirohata S. Association of cerebrospinalfluid anti-NR2 glutamate receptor antibodies with diffuse neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:1130–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirohata S, Hayakawa K. Enhanced interleukin-6 messenger RNA expression by neuronal cells in a patient with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:2729–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar