Danaparoid is effective and safe for patients with obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome

References

• ESHRE Early Pregnancy Guideline Development Group. Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Guideline of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Ozaki Y, Sato T, Suzumori N, Suzumori K. Poor prognosis of recurrent aborters with either maternal or paternal reciprocal translocations. Fertil Steril. 2004;81(2):367–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Ozaki Y, Kitaori T, Kumagai K, Suzuki S. Midline uterine defect size is correlated with miscarriage of euploid embryos in recurrent cases. Fertil Steril. 2010;93(6):1983–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Ozaki Y, Katano K, Suzumori N, Kitaori T, Mizutani E. Abnormal embryonic karyotype is the most frequent cause of recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(8):2297–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(2):295–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutteh WH. Antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss: treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin is superior to low-dose aspirin alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174(5):1584–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai R, Cohen H, Dave M, Regan L. Randomised controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies (or antiphospholipid antibodies). BMJ. 1997;314(7076):253–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekinian A, Alijotas-Reig J, Carrat F, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Ruffatti A, Lazzaroni MG, et al. Refractory obstetrical antiphospholipid syndrome: features, treatment and outcome in a European multicenter retrospective study. Autoimmun Rev. 2017;16(7):730–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saccone G, Berghella V, Maruotti GM, Ghi T, Rizzo G, Simonazzi G, et al. Antiphospholipid antibody profile based obstetric outcomes of primary antiphospholipid syndrome: the PREGNANTS study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(5):525.e1–e12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber K, Sciascia S, de Groot PG, Devreese K, Jacobsen S, Ruiz-Irastorza G, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:17103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziakas PD, Pavlou M, Voulgarelis M. Heparin treatment in antiphospholipid syndrome with recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115(6):1256–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ten Cate H, Lamping RJ, Henny CP, Prins A, Ten Cate JW. Automated amidolytic method for determining heparin, a heparinoid, and a low-Mr heparin fragment, based on their anti-Xa activity. Clin Chem. 1984;30:860–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong NN. Fondaparinux: a synthetic selective factor-Xa inhibitor. Heart Dis. 2003;5(4):295–302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henny CP, Ten Cate H, Ten Cate JW, Surachno S, van Bronswijk H, Wilmink JM, et al. Use of a new heparinoid as anticoagulant during acute haemodialysis of patients with bleeding complications. Lancet. 1983;1:890–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warkentin TE, Anderson JA. How I treat patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2016;128(3):348–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong BH. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1(7):1471–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelton JG. The pathophysiology of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: biological basis for treatment. Chest. 2005;127(2):9S–20S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greinacher A, Michels I, Mueller-Eckhardt C. Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: the antibody is not heparin specific. Thromb Haemost. 1992;67:545–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindewolf M, Lindhoff-Last E. Alternative anticoagulation with danaparoid in two pregnancies in a patient with former heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), homozygous factor V Leiden mutation, a history of venous thrombosis and recurrent pregnancy losses. Thromb Haemost. 2008;99:776–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnani HN. An analysis of clinical outcomes of 91 pregnancies in 83 women treated with danaparoid (Orgaran). Thromb Res. 2010;125(4):297–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitaori T, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Oku K, Papisch W, Ebara T, Ozaki Y, et al. Determination of clinically significant tests for antiphospholipid antibodies and cutoff levels for obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus. 2015;24(14):1505–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pengo V, Tripodi A, Reber G, Rand JH, Ortel TL, Galli M, et al. Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection. Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(10):1737–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuura E, Igarashi Y, Yasuda T, Triplett DA, Koike T. Anticardiolipin antibodies recognize beta 2-glycoprotein I structure altered by interacting with an oxygen modified solid phase surface. J Exp Med. 1994;179(2):457–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong PG, Goddijn M, Middeldorp S. Antithrombotic therapy for pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod Update. 2013;19(6):656–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rand JH, Wu XX, Andree HA, Lockwood CJ, Guller S, Scher J, et al. Pregnancy loss in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome—a possible thrombogenic mechanism. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(3):154–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holers VM, Girardi G, Mo L, Guthridge JM, Molina H, Pierangeli SS, et al. Complement C3 activation is required for antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss. J Exp Med. 2002;195(2):211–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girardi G, Redecha P, Salmon JE. Heparin prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation. Nat Med. 2004;10(11):1222–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Irastorza G, Crowther M, Branch W, Khamashta MA. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Lancet. 2010;376(9751):1498–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Omae Y, Kawashima M, Toyo-Oka L, Khor SS, Sawai H, et al. The first genome-wide association study identifying new susceptibility loci for obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. J Hum Genet. 2017;62(9):831–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockshin MD, Kim M, Laskin CA, Guerra M, Branch DW, Merrill J, et al. Prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome by the presence of lupus anticoagulant, but not anticardiolipin antibody, in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(7):2311–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark CA, Davidovits J, Spitzer KA, Laskin CA. The lupus anticoagulant: results from 2257 patients attending a high-risk pregnancy clinic. Blood. 2013;122(3):341–7, quiz 466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deguchi M, Yamada H, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Morikawa M, Fujita D, Miki A, et al. Factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with antiphospholipid syndrome: a multicenter study. J Reprod Immunol. 2017;122:21–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popescu F, Jaslow CR, Kutteh WH. Recurrent pregnancy loss evaluation combined with 24-chromosome microarray of miscarriage tissue provides a probable or definite cause of pregnancy loss in over 90% of patients. Hum Reprod. 2018;33(4):579–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar