Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis

References

• Rudwaleit M, Landewé R, van der Heijde D, Listing J, Brandt J, Braun J, et al. The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part I): classification of paper patients by expert opinion including uncertainty appraisal. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(6):770–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieper J, Poddubnyy D. Axial spondyloarthritis. Lancet. 2017;390(10089):73–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Berg R, de Hooge M, Rudwaleit M, Sieper J, van Gaalen F, Reijnierse M, et al. ASAS modification of the Berlin algorithm for diagnosing axial spondyloarthritis: results from the SPondyloArthritis Caught Early (SPACE)-cohort from the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS)-cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(10):1646–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Khan MA, Braun J, Sieper J. How to diagnose axial spondyloarthritis early. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63(5):535–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MA. Epidemiology of HLA-B27 and arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 1996;15(S1):10–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hukuda S, Minami M, Saito T, Mitsui H, Matsui N, Komatsubara Y, et al. Spondyloarthropathies in Japan: nationwide questionnaire survey performed by the Japan Ankylosing Spondylitis Society. J Rheumatol. 2001;28(3):554–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans DM, Spencer CC, Pointon JJ, Su Z, Harvey D, Kochan G, et al. Interaction between ERAP1 and HLA-B27 in ankylosing spondylitis implicates peptide handling in the mechanism for HLA-B27 in disease susceptibility. Nat Genet. 2011;43(8):761–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• , Cortes A, Hadler J, Pointon JP, Robinson PC, Karaderi T, Leo P, et al. Identification of multiple risk variants for ankylosing spondylitis through high-density genotyping of immune-related loci. Nat Genet. 2013;45(7):730–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherlock JP, Joyce-Shaikh B, Turner SP, Chao C-C, Sathe M, Grein J, et al. IL-23 induces spondyloarthropathy by acting on ROR-γt + CD3 + CD4-CD8- entheseal resident T cells. Nat Med. 2012;18(7):1069–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado PM, Baraliakos X, van der Heijde D, Braun J, Landewé R. MRI vertebral corner inflammation followed by fat deposition is the strongest contributor to the development of new bone at the same vertebral corner: a multilevel longitudinal analysis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(8):1486–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Listing J, Akkoc N, Brandt J, et al. The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(6):777–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Linden S, Valkenburg HA, Cats A. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York Criteria. Arthritis Rheumatol. 1984;27(4):361–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett PH, Wood PHN. Population studies of the rheumatic diseases; proceedings of the third international symposium, New York, June 5th–10th, 1966. International Congress Series. 1966;148:456–7.
   Google Scholar
• Boel A, Molto A, van der Heijde D, Ciurea A, Dougados M, Gensler LS, et al. Do patients with axial spondyloarthritis with radiographic sacroiliitis fulfil both the modified New York criteria and the ASAS axial spondyloarthritis criteria? Results from eight cohorts. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(11):1545–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feld J, Chandran V, Haroon N, Inman R, Gladman D. Axial disease in psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: a critical comparison. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14(6):363–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun J, Baraliakos X, Kiltz U, Heldmann F, Sieper J. Classification and diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis-what is the clinically relevant difference? J Rheumatol. 2015;42(1):31–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Research on rare and intractable diseases, Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant: the Large-scale multi-institutional research committee aiming at an epidemiological survey of spondyloarthritis, creation of diagnostic criteria, and development of clinical guideline, editors. Medical Practice Guide for Spondyloarthritis 2020 (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shindan To Chiryo Sha, Inc.; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Calin A, Porta J, Fries JF, Schurman DJ. Clinical history as a screening test for ankylosing spondylitis. JAMA 1977;237(24):2613–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudwaleit M, Metter A, Listing J, Sieper J, Braun J. Inflammatory back pain in ankylosing spondylitis: a reassessment of the clinical history for application as classification and diagnostic criteria. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(2):569–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(Suppl 2):ii1–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert RGW, Bakker PA, van der Heijde D, Weber U, Rudwaleit M, Hermann KG, et al. Defining active sacroiliitis on MRI for classification of axial spondyloarthritis: update by the ASAS MRI working group. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(11):1958–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Medina C, Ramiro S, van der Heijde D, Sieper J, Dougados M, Molto A. Characteristics and burden of disease in patients with radiographic and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a comparison by systematic literature review and meta-analysis. RMD Open. 2019;5(2):e001108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proft F, Poddubnyy D. Ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis: recent insights and impact of new classification criteria. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2018;10(5–6):129–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh N, Ruderman EM. Nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis: clinical and therapeutic relevance. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sieper J, Hu X, Black CM, Grootscholten K, van den Broek RWM, Kachroo S. Systematic review of clinical, humanistic, and economic outcome comparisons between radiographic and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017;46(6):746–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonen A, Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Dougados M, Bukowski JF, Valluri S, et al. The burden of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;44(5):556–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ørnbjerg LM, Brahe CH, Askling J, Ciurea A, Mann H, Onen F, et al. Treatment response and drug retention rate in 24,195 biologic-naïve patients with axial spondyloarthritis initiating TNFi treatment: routine care data from 12 registries in the EuroSpA collaboration. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(11):1536–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deodhar A, Strand V, Kay J, Braun J. The term “‘non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis’ is much more important to classify than to diagnose patients with axial spondyloarthritis”. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(5):791–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber U, Zubler V, Zhao Z, Lambert RGW, Chan SM, Pedersen SJ, et al. Does spinal MRI add incremental diagnostic value to MRI of the sacroiliac joints alone in patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis? Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(6):985–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Tubergen A, Heuft-Dorenbosch L, Schulpen G, Landewé R, Wijers R, van der Heijde D, et al. Radiographic assessment of sacroiliitis by radiologists and rheumatologists: does training improve quality? Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62(6):519–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seven S, Østergaard M, Morsel-Carlsen L, Sørensen IJ, Bonde B, Thamsborg G, et al. The utility of magnetic resonance imaging lesion combinations in the sacroiliac joints for diagnosing patients with axial spondyloarthritis. A prospective study of 204 participants including post-partum women, patients with disc herniation, cleaning staff, runners and healthy persons. Rheumatology. 2020;71(12):2034–2046.
   Google Scholar
• Barkham N, Keen HI, Coates LC, O’Connor P, Hensor E, Fraser AD, et al. Clinical and imaging efficacy of infliximab in HLA-B27-positive patients with magnetic resonance imaging-determined early sacroiliitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(4):946–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Dougados M, Mease PJ, Maksymowych WP, Brown MA, et al. Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: results of a randomised placebo-controlled trial (ABILITY-1). Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(6):815–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde D, Sieper J, Maksymowych WP, Lambert RG, Chen S, Hojnik M, et al. Clinical and MRI remission in patients with nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis who received long-term open-label adalimumab treatment: 3-year results of the ABILITY-1 trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20(1):61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landewé R, Sieper J, Mease P, Inman RD, Lambert RG, Deodhar A, et al. Efficacy and safety of continuing versus withdrawing adalimumab therapy in maintaining remission in patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (ABILITY-3): a multicentrre, randomised, double-blind study. Lancet 2018;392(10142):134–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landewé R, Braun J, Deodhar A, Dougados M, Maksymowych WP, Mease PJ, et al. Efficacy of certolizumab pegol on signs and symptoms of axial spondyloarthritis: 24-week results of a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled Phase 3 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(1):39–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde D, Baraliakos X, Hermann KGA, Landewé RBM, Machado PM, Maksymowych WP, et al. Limited radiographic progression and sustained reductions in MRI inflammation in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: 4-year imaging outcomes from the RAPID-axSpA phase III randomised trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(5):699–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maksymowych WP, Dougados M, van der Heijde D, Sieper J, Braun J, Citera G, et al. Clinical and MRI responses to etanercept in early non-radiographic axial spondyloarthitis: 48-week results from the EMBARK study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(7):1328–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougados M, van der Heijde D, Sieper J, Braun J, Citera G, Lenaerts J, et al. Effects of long-term etanercept treatment on clinical outcomes and objective signs of inflammation in early non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: 104-week results from a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Care Res. 2017;69(10):1590–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Dougados M, Maksymowych WP, Scott BB, Boice JA, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, sixteen-week study of subcutaneous golimumab in patients with active nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(10):2702–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallman JK, Kapetanovic MC, Petersson IF, Geborek P, Kristensen LE. Comparison of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis patients-baseline characteristics, treatment adherence, and development of clinical variables during three years of anti-TNF therapy in clinical practice. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callhoff J, Sieper J, Weiß A, Zink A, Listing J. Efficacy of TNFα blockers in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(6):1241–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taams LS, Steel KJA, Srenathan U, Burns LA, Kirkham BW. IL-17 in the immunopathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14(8):453–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeten D, Baraliakos X, Braun J, Sieper J, Emery P, van der Heijde D, et al. Anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody secukinumab in treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2013;382(9906):1705–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeten D, Sieper J, Braun J, Baraliakos X, Dougados M, Emery P, et al. Secukinumab, an interleukin-17A inhibitor, in ankylosing spondylitis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(26):2534–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieper J, Deodhar A, Marzo-Ortega H, Aelion JA, Blanco R, Jui-Cheng T, et al. Secukinumab efficacy in anti-TNF-naïve and anti-TNF-experienced subjects with active ankylosing spondylitis: results from the MEASURE 2 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(3):571–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde D, Wei JCC, Dougados M, Mease P, Deodhar A, Maksymowych WP, et al. Ixekizumab, an interleukin-17A antagonist in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis or radiographic axial spondylitis in patients previously untreated with biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (COAST-V): 16 week results of a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, active-controlled and placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2018;392(10163):2441–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougados M, Wei JCC, Landewé R, Sieper J, Baraliakos X, van den Bosch F, et al. Efficacy and safety of ixekizumab through 52 weeks in two phase 3, randomised, controlled clinical trials in patients with active radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (COAST-V and COAST-W). Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(2):176–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deodhar A, van der Heijde D, Gensler LS, Kim TH, Maksymowych WP, Østergaard M, et al. Ixekizumab for patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (COAST-X): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;395(10217):53–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deodhar A, Blanco R, Dokoupilová E, Hall S, Kameda H, Kivitz AJ, et al. Secukinumab improves signs and symptoms of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: primary results of a randomized controlled phase III study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020 Aug 7. doi:10.1002/art.41477. Online ahead of print.
   Google Scholar
• Deodhar A, Reveille JD, van den Bosch F, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, Caplan L, et al. The concept of axial spondyloarthritis: joint statement of the spondyloarthritis research and treatment network and the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society in response to the US Food and Drug Administration’s comments and concerns. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(10):2649–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deodhar A, Gensler LS, Kay J, Maksymowych WP, Haroon N, Landewé R, et al. A fifty-two-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of certolizumab pegol in nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(7):1101–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde D, Song IH, Pangan AL, Deodhar A, van den Bosch F, Maksymowych WP, et al. Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (SELECT-AXIS 1): a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10214):2108–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebert S, Millar NL, McInnes IB. Why did IL-23p19 inhibition fail in AS: a tale of tissues, trials or translation? Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(8):1015–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar