HOW DOES BUDDHISM COMPARE WITH INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW, AND CAN IT CONTRIBUTE TO HUMANISING WAR?

References

• Ahn, K. H. 1989. “A Short History of Ancient Korean Buddhism.” In Introduction of Buddhism to Korea: New Cultural Patterns, edited by L. R. Lancaster and C. S. Yu, 1–27. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Armour, W. S. 1922. “Customs of Warfare in Ancient India.” Transactions of the Grotius Society 8: 71–88.
   Google Scholar
• Balkaran, R., and W. Dorn. 2022. “Charting Hinduism’s Rules of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in Indian Sacred Texts.” International Review of the Red Cross 104 (920–921): 1762–1797. doi:10.1017/S181638312200056X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomeusz, T. J. 2005. In Defense of Dharma: Just-War Ideology in Buddhist Sri Lanka. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bartles-Smith, A. 2022. “Religion and International Humanitarian Law.” International Review of the Red Cross 104 (920–921): 1725–1761. doi:10.1017/S1816383122000376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartles-Smith, A., K. Crosby, P. Harvey, P. D. Premasiri, A. Tilakaratne, D. Ratheiser, M. Deegalle, N. M. Trew, S. Travagnin, and E. J. Harris. 2020. “Reducing Suffering During Conflict: The Interface Between Buddhism and International Humanitarian Law.” Contemporary Buddhism 21 (1–2): 369–435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellah, R. N. 1967. “Civil Religion in America.” Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 96 (1): 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Bodhi, B. 1993. “The Guardians of the World.” BPS Newsletter, Cover Essay No. 23. Reprint Access to Insight (BCBS Edition). http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/bps-essay_23.html
   Google Scholar
• Bodhi, B. 2014. “War and Peace: A Buddhist Perspective.” Inquiring Mind, Spring 30: 2. https://www.inquiringmind.com/article/3002_5_bhodi-war-and-peace-a-buddhist-perspective/
   Google Scholar
• Bosco, R. M. 2014. “Battlefield Dharma: American Buddhists in American Wars.” Journal of Buddhist Ethics 21: 827–849.
   Google Scholar
• Boyle, E. H., and J. W. Meyer. 1998. “Modern Law as a Secularized and Global Model: Implications for the Sociology of Law.” Soziale Welt 49 (3): 213–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braboszcz, C., S. Hahusseau, and A. Delorme. 2010. “Meditation and Neuroscience: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice.” In Integrative Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine: Perspectives, Practices and Research, edited by R. Carlstedt, 755–778. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Brekke, T. 2006. “Between Prudence and Heroism: Ethics of War in the Hindu Tradition.” In The Ethics of War in Asian Civilization: A Comparative Perspective, edited by T. Brekke, 113–144. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, M. S. 2021. A World History of War Crimes: From Antiquity to the Present. 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Caserta, S. 2021. “Western Centrism, Contemporary International Law, and International Courts.” Leiden Journal of International Law 34 (2): 321–342.
   Google Scholar
• Charney, M. W. 2021. “Buddhism, the Royal Imaginary and Limits in Warfare: The Moderating Influence of Precolonial Myanmar Royal Campaigns on Everyday Warriors.” Contemporary Buddhism 22. doi:10.1080/14639947.2022.2038029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cozort, D., and J. M. Shields. 2017. “Introduction.” In The Oxford Handbook of Buddhist Ethics, edited by D. Cozort and J. M. Shields, 1–4. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, J. P. 2011. The Taming of the Demons: Violence and Liberation in Tibetan Buddhism. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Debreczeny, K. 2019. “War Magic: The Wizarding World of Tibetan Sorcery.” The Rubin. https://rubinmuseum.org/spiral/war-magic-the-wizarding-world-of-tibetan-sorcery
   Google Scholar
• Deegalle, M. 2006. ”Introduction.” In Buddhism, Conflict and Violence in Modern Sri Lanka, edited by M. Deegalle. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Demiéville, P. 2010. ”Buddhism and War.” In Buddhist Warfare, Translated by M. Kendall, edited by M. Jerryson and M. Juergensmeyer, 17–58. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dhammika, S. 1993. The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering. Wheel Publication No. 386/387. Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society.
   Google Scholar
• Dias, N., and R. Gamble. 2010. “Buddhism and Its Relationship with International Law.” Law & Justice - The Christian Law Review 164: 3–26.
   Google Scholar
• Draper, G. I. A. D. 1995. “The Contribution of the Emperor Asoka Maurya to the Development of the Humanitarian Ideal in Warfare.” International Review of the Red Cross 35 (305): 192–206.
   Google Scholar
• Fiske, A. P., and T. S. Rai. 2014. Virtuous Violence: Hurting and Killing to Create, Sustain, End, and Honor Social Relationships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Florida, R. 2013. ”State, Society, and the Buddhist Order.” In Human Rights and the World’s Major Religions: Condensed and Updated Edition, edited by W. H. Brackney. Westport: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, J., and S. Sandler. 2004. Bringing Religion into International Relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Frankfurt, S., and P. Frazier. 2016. “A Review of Research on Moral Injury in Combat Veterans.” Military Psychology 28 (5): 318–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, R. R. 2015. “What is Buddhist Law: Opening Ideas.” Buffalo Law Review 63 (4): 833–880.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, S. E. 2017. The Code of the Warrior: Exploring Warrior Values Past and Present. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• French, S. E., and A. I. Jack. 2015. “Dehumanizing the Enemy: The Intersection of Neuroethics and Bioethics.” In Responsibilities to Protect: Perspectives in Theory and Practice, edited by D. Whetham and B. Strawser, 169–195. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff.
   Google Scholar
• French, R. R., and M. A. Nathan. 2014. “Introducing Buddhism and Law.” In Buddhism and Law: An Introduction, edited by R. R. French and M. A. Nathan, 1–28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frydenlund, I. 2013. “Canonical Ambiguity and Differential Practices: Buddhism and Militarism in Contemporary Sri Lanka.” In Buddhism and Violence: Militarism and Buddhism in Modern Asia, edited by T. Brekke and V. Tikhonov, 95–119. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Frydenlund, I. 2017a. “‘Operation Dhamma’: The Sri Lankan Armed Forces as an Instrument of Buddhist Nationalism.” In Military Chaplaincy in an Era of Religious Pluralism: Military-Religious Nexus in Asia, Europe, and USA, edited by T. Brekke and V. Tikhonov, 81–103. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frydenlund, I. 2017b. “‘Buddhism Has Made Asia Mild’: The Modernist Construction of Buddhism as Pacifism.” In Buddhist Modernities: Re-Inventing Tradition in the Globalizing Modern World, edited by H. Havnevik, U. Hüsken, M. Teeuwen, V. Tikhonov, and K. Wellens, 204–221. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Frydenlund, I. 2017c. “Buddhist Militarism Beyond Texts: The Importance of Ritual During the Sri Lankan Civil War.” Journal of Religion and Violence 5 (1): 27–48.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller, P. 2017. “Sitagu Sayadaw and Justifiable Evils in Buddhism.” New Mandala, November 13. https://www.newmandala.org/sitagu-sayadaw-justifiable-evils-buddhism/
   Google Scholar
• Fuller, P. 2021. An Introduction to Engaged Buddhism. London: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Gethin, R. 1998. The Foundations of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gethin, R. 2004. “Can Killing a Living Being Ever Be an Act of Compassion? The Analysis of the Act of Killing in the Abhidhamma and Pāli Commentaries.” Journal of Buddhist Ethics 11: 166–202.
   Google Scholar
• Gethin, R. 2014. “Keeping the Buddha’s Rules: The View from the Sutra Pitaka.” In Buddhism and Law, edited by R. R. French and M. A. Nathan, 63–77. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gisel, L. 2016. “The Principle of Proportionality in the Rules Governing the Conduct of Hostilities Under International Humanitarian Law.” International Expert Meeting, Quebec, June 22–23. https://www.icrc.org/en/document/international-expert-meeting-report-principle-proportionality
   Google Scholar
• Gombrich, R. F. 2006. Theravāda Buddhism. 2nd ed. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Grasmick, H. G., R. J. Bursik, and K. A. Kinsey. 1991. “Shame and Embarrassment as Deterrents to Noncompliance with the Law: The Case of an Antilittering Campaign.” Environment and Behavior 23 (2): 233–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, D. 2014. On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. New York: Open Road Media.
   Google Scholar
• Haidt, J. 2012. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hamrick, H. C., M. L. Kelley, and A. J. Bravo. 2020. “Morally Injurious Events, Moral Injury, and Suicidality Among Recent-Era Veterans: The Moderating Effects of Rumination and Mindfulness.” Military Behavioral Health 8 (1): 109–120.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, E. J. 2003. “Buddhism and the Justification of War: A Case Study from Sri Lanka.” In Just War in Comparative Perspective, edited by P. Robinson, 93–108. Abingdon: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, E. J. 2021. “Buddhist Empirical Realism and the Conduct of Armed Conflict.” Contemporary Buddhism 22. doi:10.1080/14639947.2022.2038025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, P. 2000. An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, P. 2018. “Karma.” In Oxford Handbook of Buddhist Ethics, edited by D. Cozort and J. M. Shields, 7–28. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, P. 2021. “Buddhist Motivation to Support IHL, from Concern to Minimise Harms Inflicted by Military Action to Both Those Who Suffer Them and Those Who Inflict Them.” Contemporary Buddhism 22. doi:10.1080/14639947.2021.2037892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood, A., M. Lavidor, and Y. Rassovsky. 2017. “Reducing Aggression with Martial Arts: A Meta-Analysis of Child and Youth Studies.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 34: 96–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassner, R. E. 2016. Religion on the Battlefield. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henckaerts, J. M., and L. Doswald-Beck, ed. 2005. Customary International Humanitarian Law, Vol. 1: Rules. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, I., and K. Reece. 2018. “Proportionality Under International Humanitarian Law: The Reasonable Military Commander Standard and Reverberating Effects.” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 51: 835.
   Google Scholar
• ICRC. 2019a. “Reducing Suffering During Armed Conflict: The Interface Between Buddhism and International Humanitarian Law (IHL).” ICRC Conference, Dambulla, Sri Lanka, September 4-6. https://www.icrc.org/en/document/reducing-suffering-during-conflict-interface-between-buddhism-and-international
   Google Scholar
• ICRC. 2019b. “Videos from the Buddhism and IHL Conference - Presentations.” ICRC Religion and Humanitarian Principles Blog, November 1. https://blogs.icrc.org/religion-humanitarianprinciples/videos-from-the-buddhism-and-ihl-conference-presentations/
   Google Scholar
• ICRC. 2020. “Project on the Interface Between Buddhism and IHL.” ICRC Religion and Humanitarian Principles Blog, March 3. https://blogs.icrc.org/religion-humanitarianprinciples/project-on-the-interface-between-buddhism-and-ihl/
   Google Scholar
• ICRC. 2021a. “Introduction.” ICRC Religion and Humanitarian Principles Blog. https://blogs.icrc.org/religion-humanitarianprinciples/about/
   Google Scholar
• ICRC. 2021b. “Interview with the Buddhist Chaplain to Her Majesty’s (British) Armed Forces.” ICRC Religion and Humanitarian Principles Blog, April 5. https://blogs.icrc.org/religion-humanitarianprinciples/interview-with-the-first-buddhist-chaplain-to-the-her-majesty-s-british-armed-forces/
   Google Scholar
• ICRC. 2021c. “Sri Lanka: Discussions on Buddhism and IHL with the Security Forces.” ICRC Religion and Humanitarian Principles Blog, September 14. https://blogs.icrc.org/religion-humanitarianprinciples/sri-lanka-discussions-on-buddhism-and-ihl-with-the-security-forces/
   Google Scholar
• ICRC. 2022. What is International Humanitarian Law. Geneva: ICRC. https://www.icrc.org/en/document/what-international-humanitarian-law
   Google Scholar
• Inspector-General of the Australian Defence Force. 2020. The Inspector-General of the Australian Defence Force Afghanistan Inquiry Report. Canberra: Department of Defence. https://www.defence.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-10/IGADF-Afghanistan-Inquiry-Public-Release-Version.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jamspal, L., trans. 2010. The Range of the Bodhisattva, a Mahāyānasūtra (Ārya-bodhisattva-gocara): The Teachings of the Nigrantha Satyaka, edited by P. G. Hackett. New York: American Institute of Buddhist Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Jayasuriya, L. 2009. “Just War Tradition and Buddhism.” International Studies 46 (4): 423–438.
   Google Scholar
• Jayatilleke, K. N. 1967. “The Principles of International Law in Buddhist Doctrine.” Académie de droit international: Recueil des cours 120 (1967–I): 441–567.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, S. 2010a. “Making Merit Through Warfare and Torture According to the Ārya-Bodhisattva-gocara-upāyaviṣaya-vikurvaṇa-nirdeśa Sūtra.” In Buddhist Warfare, edited by M. Jerryson and M. Juergensmeyer, 59–75. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, S. 2010b. “On the Auspiciousness of Compassionate Violence.” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 33 (1–2): 299–331.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, S. 2015. “Of Demon Kings and Protestant Yakṣas.” Religious Studies Project, May 21. https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/response/of-demon-kings-and-protestant-yak%e1%b9%a3as/
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, S. 2017. “Once the Buddha Was a Warrior: Buddhist Pragmatism in the Ethics of Peace and Armed Conflict.” In The Nature of Peace and the Morality of Armed Conflict, edited by F. Demont-Biaggi, 159–178. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Jerryson, M. 2010. “Introduction.” In Buddhist Warfare, edited by M. Jerryson and M. Juergensmeyer, 3–16. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jerryson, M. 2017. “Buddhist Traditions and Violence.” In Violence and the World’s Religious Traditions, edited by M. Juergensmeyer, M. Kitts, and M. Jerryson, 37–69. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jerryson, M., and M. Juergensmeyer, ed. 2010. Buddhist Warfare. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jha, A. P., A. B. Morrison, J. Dainer-Best, S. Parker, N. Rostrup, and E. A. Stanley. 2015. “Minds ‘At Attention’: Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts.” Plos One 10 (2): e0116889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juergensmeyer, M., M. Kitts, and M. Jerryson. 2017. “Introduction: The Enduring Relationship of Religion and Violence.” In Violence and the World’s Religious Traditions, edited by M. Juergensmeyer, M. Kitts, and M. Jerryson, 1–6. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, O. 2013. “Nudging Armed Groups: How Civilians Transmit Norms of Protection.” Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 2 (3): 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Kariyakarawana, S. 2011. “Military Careers and Buddhist Ethics.” International Journal of Leadership in Public Services 7 (2): 99–108.
   Google Scholar
• Keegan, J. 1994. A History of Warfare. London: Victoria Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kent, D. 2008. “Shelter for You, Nirvana for Our Sons: Buddhist Belief and Practice in the Sri Lankan Army.” PhD diss., Department of Religious Studies, University of Virginia. https://thecarthaginiansolution.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/buddhist-belief-practise-in-sl-army.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Keown, D. 2005. Buddhist Ethics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keown, D. 2014. “The Role of Deterrence in Buddhist Peace-Building.” Journal of Buddhist Ethics 21: 655–678.
   Google Scholar
• Khen, H. M. E. 2016. “Aidōs and Dikē in International Humanitarian Law: Is IHL a Legal or a Moral System?” The Monist 99 (1): 26–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilby, C. 2021. “The Gift of Fearlessness: A Buddhist Framework for the Protection of Vulnerable Populations Under International Humanitarian Law.” Contemporary Buddhism 22. doi:10.1080/14639947.2022.2038027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsella, H. M., and G. Mantilla. 2020. “Contestation Before Compliance: History, Politics, and Power in International Humanitarian Law.” International Studies Quarterly 64 (3): 649–656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh, H. H. 2005. “Internalization Through Socialization.” Duke Law Journal 54 (4): 975–982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosuta, M. 1997. “The Buddha and the Four-Limbed Army: The Military in the Pali Canon.” Religiologiques, Rituels Sauvages 16 (automne 1997): 105–112.
   Google Scholar
• Lammerts, D. C. 2018. Buddhist Law in Burma: A History of the Dhammasattha Texts and Jurisprudence, 1250-1850. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lancaster, B. L. 1997. “On the Stages of Perception: Towards a Synthesis of Cognitive Neuroscience and the Buddhist Abhidhamma Tradition.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 4 (2): 122–142.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, H. 2021. “Between Common Humanity and Partiality: The Chogye Buddhist Chaplaincy Manual of the South Korean Military and Its Relevance to International Humanitarian Law.” Contemporary Buddhism 22. doi:10.1080/14639947.2021.2089426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, V. 2011. “Army’s First Buddhist Chaplain Serving 11th Engineer Bn.” US Army, December 15. https://www.army.mil/article/70976/armys_first_buddhist_chaplain_serving_11th_engineer_bn
   Google Scholar
• Lorge, P. A. 2011. Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mallon, R., and S. Nichols. 2010. ”Rules.” In The Moral Psychology Handbook, edited by J. M. Doris and The Moral Psychology Research Group, 297–298. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, J. 2012. When Buddhists Attack: The Curious Relationship Between Zen and the Martial Arts. Rutland: Tuttle.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, M. 2018. Why We Fight. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McCrae, E. 2017. “The Psychology of Moral Judgement and Perception in Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Ethics.” In The Oxford Handbook of Buddhist Ethics, edited by D. Cozort and J. M. Shields, 335–358. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Melzer, N. 2016. International Humanitarian Law: A Comprehensive Introduction. Geneva: ICRC. https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/4231-international-humanitarian-law-comprehensive-introduction/
   Google Scholar
• Mendis, N. 2021. “Siege Warfare and the Prohibition of Intentional Starvation of Civilians: The Convergence of IHL and Buddhist Ethics.” Contemporary Buddhism 22. doi:10.1080/14639947.2022.2080362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz-Rojas, D., and J.-J. Frésard. 2004. The Roots of Behaviour in War: Understanding and Preventing IHL Violations. Geneva: ICRC. https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0853-roots-behaviour-war-understanding-and-preventing-ihl-violations
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, V., and H. O. Gieseken. 2021. “Fighting Without a Planet B: How IHL Protects the Natural Environment in Armed Conflict.” ICRC Law & Policy Blog, May 15. https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2021/05/25/fighting-without-planet-b/
   Google Scholar
• Nattier, J. 1991. Once Upon a Future Time: Studies in a Buddhist Prophecy of Decline. Nanzan Studies in Asian Religions, No. 1. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Neff, S. C. 2005. War and the Law of Nations: A General History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Olsthoorn, P. 2019. “Military Virtues and Moral Relativism.” In Military Virtues, edited by M. Skerker, D. Whetham, and D. Carrick, 38–39. Havant: Howgate.
   Google Scholar
• Penna, L. R. 1989. “Written and Customary Provisions Relating to the Conduct of Hostilities and Treatment of Victims of Armed Conflicts in Ancient India.” International Review of the Red Cross 29 (271): 333–348.
   Google Scholar
• Peto, A. 2014. “The Buddhist Solider.” Alan Peto, June 22. https://alanpeto.com/buddhism/buddhist-soldier-military/
   Google Scholar
• Pfanner, T. 2009. “Various Mechanisms and Approaches for Implementing International Humanitarian Law and Protecting and Assisting War Victims.” International Review of the Red Cross 91 (874): 279–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pranke, P. 2010. “On Saints and Wizards – Ideals of Human Perfection and Power in Contemporary Burmese Buddhism.” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 33 (1–2): 453–488.
   Google Scholar
• Premasiri, P. D. 2006. “A ‘Righteous War’ in Buddhism?” In Buddhism, Conflict and Violence in Modern Sri Lanka, edited by M. Deegalle, 78–85. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Premasiri, P. D. 2021. “Implications of Buddhist Political Ethics for the Minimisation of Suffering in Situations of Armed Conflict.” Contemporary Buddhism 22. doi:10.1080/14639947.2021.2037893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratheiser, D., and S. Kariyakarawana. 2021. “The Paradox of the Buddhist Soldier.” Contemporary Buddhism 22.
   Google Scholar
• Richmond, L. 2012. “Buddhism and Meditation: Why Most Buddhists in the World Don’t Meditate.” HuffPost, May 2. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/most-buddhists-dont-medit_b_1461821
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, P. 2003. Just War in Comparative Perspective, edited by P. Robinson. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Roebuck, V. J. 2010. ”Introduction.” In The Dhammapada, translated and edited by V. J. Roebuck, xiv–lxv. London: Penguin Classics.
   Google Scholar
• Ronkin, N. 2018. ”Abhidharma.” In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Summer 2018 ed., edited by E. N. Zalta. Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/abhidharma/
   Google Scholar
• Roy, K. 2012. Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salomon, R. 2007. “Ancient India: Peace Within and War Without.” In War and Peace in the Ancient World, edited by K. A. Raaflaub, 52–64. Malden: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Samarakoon, B. 2021. “Restraint in Warfare and Appamāda: The Concept of Collateral Damage in International Humanitarian Law in Light of the Buddha’s Last Words.” Contemporary Buddhism 22. doi:10.1080/14639947.2021.2083397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassòli, M. 2007. “The Implementation of International Humanitarian Law: Current and Inherent Challenges.” Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 10: 45–73.
   Google Scholar
• Schmithausen, L. 1999. “Aspects of the Buddhist Attitude to War.” In Violence Denied: Violence, Non-Violence and the Rationalization of Violence in South Asian Cultural History, edited by J. E. M. Houben and K. R. van Kooij, 45–67. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Scorsine, J. M. 2014. “Reconciliation and Postbellum Restoration: The Buddhist Perspective.” In Buddhist Contribution to Global Peace-Building, edited by T. N. Tu and T. D. Thien, 117–131. Vietnam: Religion Press.
   Google Scholar
• Selth, A. 2021. Myanmar’s Military Mindset: An Exploratory Survey. Griffith Asia Institute. https://blogs.griffith.edu.au/asiainsights/myanmars-military-mindset/
   Google Scholar
• Senauke, A., and B. Gates. 2014. “Interview with Neuroscientist Amishi Jha: Mental Armor.” Inquiring Mind 30: 2. https://www.inquiringmind.com/article/3002_18_w_jah-interview-with-neuroscientist-amishi-jha-mental-armor/
   Google Scholar
• Shahar, M. 2008. The Shaolin Monastery. History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shay, J. 2010. Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character. New York: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair, I. 2014. “War Magic and Just War in Indian Tantric Buddhism.” In War Magic: Religion, Sorcery and Performance, edited by D. S. Farrer, 149–164. New York: Berghahn.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, U. 2017. Political Violence in Ancient India. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skilton, A. 2013. “Buddhism.” In The Oxford Handbook of Atheism, edited by S. Bullivant and M. Ruse, 337–350. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Soho, T. 2012. The Unfettered Mind: Writings from a Zen Master to a Master Swordsman. Translated by W. S. Wilson. Berkeley: Shambhala Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Spiro, M. E. 1970. Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes. New York: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Stanford, M., and J. Jong. 2019. “Beyond Buddhism and Animism: A Psychometric Test of the Structure of Burmese Theravada Buddhism.” Plos One 14 (12): e0226414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, E. A. 2014. “Cultivating the Mind of a Warrior.” Inquiring Mind 30 (2): 16–31. https://www.inquiringmind.com/article/3001_16_stanley-cultivating-the-mind-of-a-warrior/
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, E. A., J. M. Schaldach, A. Kiyonaga, and A. P. Jha. 2011. “Mindfulness-Based Mind Fitness Training: A Case Study of a High-Stress Predeployment Military Cohort.” Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 18 (4): 566–576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, D. 2014. “Behaviour in War: The Place of Law, Moral Inquiry and Self-Identity.” International Review of the Red Cross 96 (895–896): 751–773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiki, T. 2020a. “Compassion, Self-Sacrifice, and Karma in Warfare: Buddhist Discourse on Warfare as an Ethical and Soteriological Instruction for Warriors.” Religions 11 (2): item 66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiki, T. 2020b. “Warriors Who Do Not Kill in War: A Buddhist Interpretation of the Warrior’s Role in Relation to the Precept Against Killing.” Religions 11 (10): item 530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry, F., and B. McQuinn. 2018. The Roots of Restraint in War. Geneva: ICRC. https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/4352-roots-restraint-war
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, J. 2019. “Case Study: Professionalism in the Military.” In Military Virtues, edited by M. Skerker, D. Whetham, and D. Carrick, 538–562. Havant: Howgate.
   Google Scholar
• Tilakaratne, A. 2021. “Two Dimensions of Buddhist Practice and Their Implications on Statecraft.” Contemporary Buddhism 22. doi:10.1080/14639947.2022.2038024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilakaratne, A., P. Harvey, S. Kariyakarawana, and A. Bartles-Smith. 2021. “GCIII Commentary: A Buddhist Perspective on the Treatment of Prisoners of War.” ICRC Law and Policy Blog, January 19. https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2021/01/19/gciii-commentary-buddhist/
   Google Scholar
• Traven, D. 2021. Law and Sentiment in International Politics: Ethics, Emotions, and the Evolution of the Laws of War. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Trew, N. M. 2021. “‘Not Knowing is Most Intimate’: Koan Practice and the Fog of War.” Contemporary Buddhism 22. doi:10.1080/14639947.2022.2038026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Baarda, T. 2011. “The Ethical Challenges of a Complex Security Environment.” In Ethics, Law and Military Operations, edited by D. Whetham, 148–172. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• van Schaik, S. 2020. Buddhist Magic: Divination, Healing, and Enchantment Through the Ages. Boulder: Shambala.
   Google Scholar
• Verkamp, B. J. 1988. “Moral Treatment of Returning Warriors in the Early Middle Ages.” The Journal of Religious Ethics 16 (2): 223–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victoria, B. D. [1997] 2006. Zen at War. 2nd ed. Boulder: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Victoria, B. D. 2003. Zen War Stories. London: Routledge Curzon.
   Google Scholar
• Victoria, B. D. 2022. “Does Buddhism Hold the Instincts for War?” Buddhistdoor Global, May 18. https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/does-buddhism-hold-the-instincts-for-war/
   Google Scholar
• Wakefield, A. 2021. “‘Freedom from Hatred’: The Role of Khanti in Complementing the Work of International Humanitarian Law (IHL).” Contemporary Buddhism 22. doi:10.1080/14639947.2022.2038030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, B. A. 2007. Contemplative Science: Where Buddhism and Neuroscience Converge. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Whetham, D. 2011a. “Ethics, Law and Conflict.” In Ethics, Law and Military Operations, edited by D. Whetham, 10–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Whetham, D. 2011b. “The Just War Tradition: A Pragmatic Compromise.” In Ethics, Law and Military Operations, edited by D. Whetham, 65–89. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker, J. S., and D. Smith. 2017. “Ethics, Meditation, and Wisdom.” In The Oxford Handbook of Buddhist Ethics, edited by D. Cozort and J. M. Shields, 51–73. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wijenayake, V. 2021. “Limiting the Risk to Combatants Lives: Confluences Between International Humanitarian Law and Buddhism.” Contemporary Buddhism 22.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, G. 2015. “Seeing Through the Fog of War: The Need for Professional Military Ethics Education.” Strife, September 24. https://www.strifeblog.org/2015/09/24/seeing-through-the-fog-of-war-the-need-for-professional-military-ethics-education/
   Google Scholar
• Wolfendale, J. 2008. “What is the Point of Teaching Ethics in the Military?” In Ethics Education in the Military, edited by P. Robinson, N. de Lee, and D. Carrick, 175–188. Abingdon: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, X. 2013. Buddhism, War, and Nationalism: Chinese Monks in the Struggle Against Japanese Aggression 1931-1945. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, X. 2013. “Buddhism and the Justification of War with Focus on Chinese Buddhist History.” In Buddhism and Violence: Militarism and Buddhism in Modern Asia, edited by T. Brekke and V. Tikhonov, 194–208. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmermann, M. 2000. ”A Mahāyānist Criticism of Arthaśāstra: The Chapter on Royal Ethics in the Bodhisattva-Gocaropāya-Viśaya-Vikurvaṇanirdeśa-Sūtra”. In Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 1999, 177–211. Tokyo: Soka University.
   Google Scholar