Influence of Hypercholesterolemia and Hypertension on the Integrity of the Blood–Brain Barrier in Rats

REFERENCES

• Ahishali B., Kaya M., Kalayci R. H., Uzun B., Bilgic N., Arican I., et al. Effects of lipopolysaccharide on the blood–brain barrier permeability in prolonged nitric oxide blockade-induced hypertensive rats. International Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 115: 211–228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akao S., Kiumi F. The tight junction of main pancreatic duct epithelial cells is a morphometrically dynamic structure altered by intraductal hypertension. Medical Electron Microscopy 2002; 45: 146–152
   Google Scholar
• Baylis C., Mitruka B., Deng A. Chronic blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in the rat produces systemic hypertension and glomerular damage. Journal Clinical Investigation 1992; 90: 278–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckman J. S., Koppenol W. H. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: The good, the bad, and ugly. American Journal of Physiology 1996; 271: C1424–C1437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belgore F. M., Lip G. Y., Blann A. D. Successful therapy reduces levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with hypertension and patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2000; 151: 599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuge J. A., Aust S. D. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Method Enzymology 1978; 53: 302–310
   Google Scholar
• Beutler E., Duron O., Kelly M. B. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. Journal Laboratory Clinical Medicine 1963; 6: 882–888
   Google Scholar
• Blot S., Arnal J. F., Xu Y., Gray F., Michel J. B. Spinal cord infarcts during long-term inhibition of nitric oxide synthase in rats. Stroke 1994; 25: 1666–1673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton S. J., Anthony D. C., Perry V. H. Loss of the tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 from cerebral vascular endothelium during neutrophil-induced blood–brain barrier breakdown in vivo. Neuroscience 1998; 86: 1245–1257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonetti P. O., Wilson S. H., Rodriguez-Porcel M., Jr., Holmes D. R., Lerman L. O., Lerman A. Simvastatin preserves myocardial perfusion and coronary microvascular permeability in experimental hypercholesterolemia independent of lipid lowering. Journal of American Collage of Cardiology 2002; 40: 546–554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson P., Celermajer D. S., Donald A. E., Sampson M., Sorensen K. E., Adams M., et al. Impaired vascular reactivity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is related to disease duration and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Journal American Collage Cardiology 1996; 28: 573–579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croll S. D., Ransohoff R. M., Cai N., Zhang Q., Martin F. J., Wei T., et al. VEGF-mediated inflammation precedes angiogenesis in adult brain. Experimental Neurology 2004; 187: 388–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demchuk A. M., Hess D. C., Brass L. M., Yatsu F. M. Is cholesterol a risk factor for stroke?: Yes. Archives of Neurology 1999; 56: 1518–1520
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dvorak H. F., Nagy J. A., Feng D., Brown L. F., Dvorak A. M. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor and the significance of microvascular hyperpermeability in angiogenesis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 1999; 237: 97–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eryurek F. G., Surmen E., Oner P., Altug T., Oz H. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and acetylcholinesterase activities in brain capillaries of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology & Pharmacology 1990; 69: 245–248
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feltkamp C. A., Van Der Waerden A. W. Junction formation between cultured normal rat hepatocytes. An ultrastructural study on the presence of cholesterol and the structure of developing tight-junction strands. Journal of Cell Science 1983; 63: 271–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukai T., Siegfried M. R., Ushio-Fukai M., Cheng Y., Kojda G., Harrison D. G. Regulation of the vascular extracellular superoxide dismutase by nitric oxide and exercise training. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2000; 105: 1631–1639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger D. N. Ischemia-reperfusion: Mechanisms of microvascular dysfunction and the influence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Microcirculation 1999; 6: 167–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry G. D., Byrne R., Hunyh T. T., Abraham V., Annex B. H., Hagen P. O., et al. Intracavernosal injections of vascular endothelial growth factor protects endothelial dependent corpora cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit: A preliminary study. International Journal of Impotence Research 2000; 12: 334–339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hori S., Ohtsuki S., Hosoya K., Nakashima E., Terasaki T. A pericyte-derived angiopoietin-1 multimeric complex induces occludin gene expression in brain capillary endothelial cells through Tie-2 activation in vitro. Journal of Neurochemistry 2004; 89: 503–513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh N. K., Wang J. Y., Liu J. C., Lee W. H., Chen H. I. Structural changes in cerebral arteries following nitric oxide deprivation: A comparison between normotensive and hypertensive rats. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2004; 92: 162–170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa M., Stokes K. Y., Zhang J. H., Nanda A., Granger D. N. Cerebral microvascular responses to hypercholesterolemia: Roles of NADPH oxidase and P-selectin. Circulation Research 2004; 94: 239–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson B. B. Hypertension. Introduction to the Blood–Brain Barrier Methodology, Biology and Pathology., W. M. Pardridge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998; 427–433
   Google Scholar
• Kalayci R., Kaya M., Elmas I., Arican N., Ahishali B., Uzun H., et al. Effects of atorvastatin on blood–brain barrier permeability during L-NAME hypertension followed by angiotensin-II in rats. Brain Research 2005; 1042: 184–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang D. H., Nakagawa T., Feng L., Johnson R. J. Nitric oxide modulates vascular disease in the remnant kidney model. American Journal of Pathology 2002; 161: 239–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya D., Gursoy-Ozdemir Y., Yemisci M., Tuncer N., Aktan S., Dalkara T. VEGF protects brain against focal ischemia without increasing blood–brain permeability when administered intracerebroventricularly. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 2005; 13: 1–8
   Google Scholar
• Krum J. M., Mani N., Rosenstein J. M. Angiogenic and astroglial responses to vascular endothelial growth factor administration in adult rat brain. Neuroscience 2002; 110: 589–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucuk M., Kaya M., Kalayci R., Cimen V., Kudat H., Arican N., et al. Effects of losartan on the blood–brain barrier permeability in long-term nitric oxide blockade-induced hypertensive rats. Life Sciences 2002; 71: 937–946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert D., O’Neill C. A., Padfield P. J. Depletion of Caco-2 cell cholesterol disrupts barrier function by altering the detergent solubility and distribution of specific tight-junction proteins. Biochemical Journal 2005; 387: 553–560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen H., Diemer N. H. Morphometry of astrocyte and oligodendrocyte ultrastructure after portocaval anastomosis in the rat. Acta Neuropathology (Berlin) 1980; 51: 65–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee N. P., Cheng C. Y. Nitric oxide/nitric oxide synthase, spermatogenesis, and tight junction dynamics. Biology of Reproduction 2004; 70: 267–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liedtke W., Edelmann W., Bieri P. L., Chiu F. C., Cowan N. J., Kucherlapati R., et al. GFAP is necessary for the integrity of CNS white matter architecture and long-term maintenance of myelination. Neuron 1996; 17: 607–615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuda A., Suzuki Y., Kondo K., Ikeda Y., Umemura K. Hypercholesterolemia induces regression in neointimal thickening due to apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in the hamster endothelial injury model. Cardiovascular Research 2002; 53: 512–523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayhan W. G. Role of nitric oxide in disruption of the blood–brain barrier during acute hypertension. Brain Research 1995; 686: 99–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayhan W. G. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase does not alter permeability of the blood–brain barrier. Brain Research 2000; 855: 143–149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer T. N., Schwesinger C., Ye J., Denker B. M., Nigam S. K. Reassembly of the tight junction after oxidative stress depends on tyrosine kinase activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2001; 276: 22048–22055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncada S., Palmer R. M., Higgs E. A. Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacological Review 1991; 43: 109–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murohara T., Horowitz J. R., Silver M., Tsurumi Y., Chen D., Sullivan A., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor enhances vascular permeability via nitric oxide and prostacyclin. Circulation 1998; 97: 99–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnari J. J., Fisher M., White S. D. Inhibition of lipid deposition in the hypercholesterolemic rat by clentiazem, a calcium channel blocker. Experimental Molecular Pathology 1992; 57: 193–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell V. B., Freeman B. A. Interactions between nitric oxide and lipid oxidation pathways: Implications for vascular disease. Circulation Research 2001; 88: 12–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panza J. A. Endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension. Clinical Cardiology 1997; 20: 26–33
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poritz L. S., Garver K. I., Tilberg A. F., Koltun W. A. Tumor necrosis factor alpha disrupts tight junction assemble. Journal of Surgical Research 2004; 116: 14–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prado R., Watson B. D., Kuluz J., Dietrich W. D. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Effects on cerebral blood flow, pial artery diameter, and vascular morphology in rats. Stroke 1992; 23: 1118–1123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad K. Reduction of serum cholesterol and hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis in rabbits by secoisolariciresinol diglucoside isolated from flaxseed. Circulation 1999; 99: 1355–1362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Porcel M., Lerman A., Herrmann J., Schwartz R. S., Sawamura T., Condorelli M., et al. Hypertension exacerbates the effect of hypercholesterolemia on the myocardial microvasculature. Cardiovascular Research 2003; 58: 213–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumbaut R. E., McKay M. K., Huxley V. H. Capillary hydraulic conductivity is decreased by nitric oxide synthase inhibition. American Journal of Physiology 1995; 268: H1856–H1861
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sato J., O’Brien T., Katusic Z. S., Fu A., Nygren J., Singh R., et al. Dietary antioxidants preserve endothelium dependent vasorelaxation in overfed rats. Atherosclerosis 2002; 161: 327–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez I., Bodega G., Fernandez B. Changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in response to experimental hepatic encephalopathy in the rat hippocampus. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 1998; 12: 49–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suda O., Tsutsui M., Morishita T., Tanimoto A., Horiuchi M., Tasaki H., et al. Long-term treatment with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester causes arteriosclerotic coronary lesions in endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice. Circulation 2002; 106: 1729–1735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y., Oberley L. W., Li Y. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clinical Chemistry 1988; 34: 497–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueno M., Sakamoto H., Tomimoto H., Akiguchi I., Onodera M., Huang C. L., et al. Blood–brain barrier is impaired in the hippocampus of young adult spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Neuropathologica 2004; 107: 532–538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vink H., Constantinescu A. A., Spaan J. A. Oxidized lipoproteins degrade the endothelial surface layer: Implications for platelet-endothelial cell adhesion. Circulation 2000; 101: 1500–1502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachtel M., Bolliger M. F., Ishihara H., Frei K., Bluethmann H., Gloor S. M. Down-regulation of occludin expression in astrocytes by tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is mediated via TNF type-1 receptor and nuclear factor-kappa B activation. Journal of Neurochemistry 2001; 78: 155–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasmineh W. G., Kaur T. P., Blazar B. R., Theologides A. Serum catalase as marker of graft-vs-host disease in allogenic bone marrow transplant recipients: Pilot study. Clinical Chemistry 1995; 41: 1574–1580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar