Gamete donors’ reasons for, and expectations and experiences of, registration with a voluntary donor linking register

References

• Barton, M., Walker, K., & Wiesner, B. (1945). Artificial insemination. British Medical Journal, 1, 40–43. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.4384.40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blyth, E., Crawshaw, M., Frith, L., & Jones, C. (2012). Donor-conceived people's views and experiences of their genetic origins: A critical analysis of the research evidence. Journal of Law and Medicine, 19, 769–789. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22908619.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blyth, E., & Frith, L. (2015). Access to genetic and biographical history in donor conception: An analysis of recent trends and future possibilities. In K. Horsey, (Ed) Revisiting the regulation of human fertilisation and embryology (pp. 136–152). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clark, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
   Google Scholar
• Braverman, A.M., & Corson, S.L. (2002). A comparison of oocyte donors’ and gestational carriers/surrogates’ attitudes towards third party reproduction. Journal of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics, 19, 462–469. doi: 10.1023/A:1020306402235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, H., Nordqvist, P., & Smart, C. (2015). Grandparents’ stories of family life after donor conception (Parents of heterosexual couples with children conceived using donor sperm or eggs). Manchester: Morgan Centre for Research into Everyday Lives, University of Manchester.
   Google Scholar
• Cheek, J.M. (1989). Identity orientations and self-interpretation. In D. M. Buss & N. Cantor (Eds.) Personality psychology: Recent trends and emerging directions (pp. 275–285). NewYork: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, R., & Golombok, S. (1995). Ethics and society: A survey of semen donation: Phase II—the view of the donors. Human Reproduction, 10, 951–959. Retrieved from http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/4/951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawshaw, M.A., Blyth, E.D., & Daniels, K.D. (2007). Past semen donors’ views about the use of voluntary contact register. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 14, 411–417. doi: 10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60886-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawshaw, M., Gunter, C., Tidy, C., & Atherton, F. (2013). Working with previously anonymous gamete donors and donor-conceived adults: Recent practice experiences of running the DNA-based voluntary information exchange and contact register, UK DonorLink. Human Fertility, 16, 26–30. doi: 10.3109/14647273.2012.731714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, K. (1987). Semen donors in New Zealand: Their characteristics and attitudes. Clinical Reproductive Fertility, 5, 177–190. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/articles/3450376/.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daniels, K.R. (1989). Semen donors: Their motivations and attitudes to their offspring. Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psychology, 7, 121–127. doi: 10.1080/02646838908403583.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels, K.R., Curson, R., & Lewis, G.M. (1996a). Semen donor recruitment: A study of donors in two clinics. Human Reproduction, 11, 746–751. Retrieved from http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/4/746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, K.R., Ericsson, H.L., & Burn, I.P. (1996b). Families and donor insemination: The views of semen donors. Scandinavian Journal of Social Welfare, 5, 229–237. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2397.1996.tb00149.x.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels, K.R., Kramer, W., & Perez-y-Perez, M.V. (2012). Semen donors who are open to contact with their offspring: Issues and implications for them and their families. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 25, 670–677. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.09.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, K., Blyth, E., Crawshaw, M., & Curson, R. (2005). Previous semen donors and their views regarding the sharing of information with offspring. Human Reproduction, 20, 1670–1675. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deh839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, K., & Kramer, W. (2013). Genetic and health issues emerging from sperm donation – The experiences and views of donors. Advances in Reproductive Sciences, 1, 1–6. doi: 10.4236/arsci.2013.13003.
   Google Scholar
• Ernst, E., Ingerslev, H.J., Schou, O., & Stoltenberg, M. (2007). Attitudes among sperm donors in 1992 and 2002: A Danish questionnaire survey. Acta Obstetricia Gynaecologica Scandinavica, 86, 327–333. doi: 10.1080/00016340601133913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finegold, W.J. (1964). Artificial insemination. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, T., Jadva, V., Kramer, W., & Golombok, S. (2009). Gamete donation: Parents’ experiences of searching for their child’s donor siblings and donor. Human Reproduction, 24, 505–516. doi: 10.1093/humrep/den469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godman, K.M., Sanders, K., Rosenberg, M., & Burton, P. (2006). Potential sperm donors’, recipients’ and their partners’ opinions towards the release of identifying information in Western Australia. Human Reproduction, 21, 3022–3026. doi: 10.1093/humrep/del274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handelsman, D.J., Dunn, S.,M., Conway, A.J., Boylan, L.M., & Jansen, R.P. (1985). Psychological and attitudinal profiles in donors for artificial insemination. Fertility and Sterility, 43, 95–101. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)48325-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, J.C., Kennett, D., & Reisel, D. (2016). The end of donor anonymity: How genetic testing is likely to drive anonymous gamete donation out of business. Human Reproduction, 31, 1135–1140. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dew06510.1093/humrep/dew065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertz, R., Nelson, M.K., & Kramer, W. (2015). Sperm donors describe the experience of contact with their donor-conceived offspring. Facts Views and Visions in Obgyn, 7, 91–100. Retrieved from http://www.fvvo.be/archive/volume-7/number-2/facts/sperm-donors-describe-the-experience-of-contact-with-their-donor-conceived-offspring/.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadva, V., Freeman, T., Kramer, W., & Golombok, S. (2011). Sperm and oocyte donors’ experiences of anonymous donation and subsequent contact with their donor offspring. Human Reproduction, 26, 638–645. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deq364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, K.M. (2013). Making families: Organizational boundary work in US egg and sperm donation. Social Science and Medicine, 99, 64–71. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.10.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, I. (1980). The donor. In C. Wood, J. Leeton & G. Kovacs (Eds.) Artificial insemination. Melbourne: Brown Prior Andersen.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, C.B., Belar, C.D., & Williams, R.S. (2004). Anonymous oocyte donation: A follow up analysis of donors’ experiences. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 25, 145–151. doi: 10.1080/1674820400002261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalfoglou, A.L., & Geller, G. (2000a). A follow-up study with oocyte donors exploring their experiences, knowledge, and attitudes about the use of their oocytes and the outcome of the donation. Fertility and Sterility, 74, 660–667. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(00)01489-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalfoglou, A.L., & Geller, G. (2000b). Navigating conflicts of interest in oocyte donation: An analysis of donors’ experiences. Women’s Health Issues, 10, 226–239. doi: 10.1016/S1049-3867(00)00057-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkland, A., Power, M., Burton, G., Baber, R., Studd, J., & Abdalla, H. (1992). Comparison of attitudes of donors and recipients to oocyte donation. Human Reproduction, 7, 355–357. Retrieved from http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/3/355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkman, M. (2004). Genetic connection and relationships in narratives of donor-assisted conception. Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies & Society, Issue 2: Autumn 2004. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26396260_Genetic_Connection_And_Relationships_In_Narratives_Of_Donor-Assisted_Conception.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkman, M., Bourne, K., Fisher, J., Johnson, L., & Hammarberg, K. (2014). Gamete donors' expectations and experiences of contact with their donor offspring. Human Reproduction, 29, 731–738. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klock, S.C., Stout, J.E., & Davidson, M. (2003). Psychological characteristics and factors related to willingness to donate again among anonymous oocyte donors. Fertility and Sterility, 79, 1312–1316. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00348-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampic, C., Skoog Svanberg, A., & Sydsjö, G. (2014). Attitudes towards disclosure and relationship to donor offspring among a national cohort of identity release oocyte and sperm donors. Human Reproduction, 29, 1978–1986. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahlstedt, P.P., & Probasco, K.A. (1991). Sperm donors: Their attitudes toward providing medical and psychosocial information for recipient couples and donor offspring. Fertility and Sterility, 56, 747–753. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)54610-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordqvist, P., & Smart, C. (2014). Relative strangers: Family life, genes and donor conception. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Novaes, S. (1998). The medical management of donor insemination. In K. Daniels & E. Haimes (Eds.), Donor insemination: International social science perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, B., Nielsen, A.F., & Lauritsen, J.G. (1994). Psychosocial aspects of donor insemination Sperm donors – their motivations and attitudes to artificial insemination. Acta Obstetricia Gynaecologica Scandinavica, 73, 701–705. doi: 10.3109/00016349409029407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pryer, N. (2010). Despair of the DNA 'sisters': In a terrible mistake that casts new doubt on DNA profiling, it turns out they weren't related at all. Daily Mail 22 February. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1252590/Despair-DNA-sisters-In-terrible-mistakecasts-new-doubt-DNA-profiling-turns-werent-related-all.html.
   Google Scholar
• Purewal, S., & van den Akker, O.B.A. (2009). Systematic review of oocyte donation: Investigating attitudes, motivations and experiences. Human Reproduction Update, 15, 499–515. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmp018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raes, I., Ravelingien, A., & Pennings, G. (2013). The right of the donor to information about children conceived from his or her gametes. Human Reproduction, 28, 560–565. doi: 10.1093/humrep/des444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggs, D.W., & Russell, L. (2011). Characteristics of men willing to act as sperm donors in the context of identity-release legislation. Human Reproduction, 26, 266–272. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deq314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggs, D.W., & Scholz, B. (2011). The value and meaning attached to genetic relatedness among Australian sperm donors. New Genetics and Society, 30, 41–58. doi: 10.1080/14636778.2011.552299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, J.N., Forman, R.G., Clack, A.M., Egan, D.M., Chapman, M.G., & Barlow, D.H. (1991). Attitudes of donors and recipients to gamete donation. Human Reproduction, 6, 307–309. http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/6/2/307.abstract
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (1987). Donor insemination. London: RCOG.
   Google Scholar
• Scheib, J.E. (2003). Choosing identity-release sperm donors: The parents’ perspective 13-18 years later. Human Reproduction, 18, 1115–1127. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deg227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheib, J., Riordan, M., & Rubin, S. (2005). Adolescents with open identity sperm donors: Reports from 12 to 17 year olds. Human Reproduction, 20, 239–252. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deh581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söderström-Anttila, V. (1995). Follow-up study of Finnish volunteer oocyte donors concerning their attitudes to oocyte donation. Human Reproduction, 10, 3073–3076. Retrieved from http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/11/3073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speirs, J.M. (2007). Secretly connected? Anonymous semen donation, genetics and meanings of kinship. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Edinburgh. Available from http://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/2649/4/JM%20Speirs%20PhD%20thesis%202008.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Speirs, J.M. (2012). Semen donors' curiosity about donor offspring and the barriers to their knowing. Human Fertility, 15, 89–93. doi: 10.3109/14647273.2012.658900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathern, M. (2005). Kinship, law and the unexpected. Relatives are always a surprise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thorn, P., Katzorke, T., & Daniels, K. (2008). Semen donors in Germany: A study exploring motivations and attitudes. Human Reproduction, 23, 2415–2420. doi: 10.1093/humrep/den279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Akker, O., Crawshaw, M.A., Blyth, E.D., & Frith, L.J. (2015). Expectations and experiences of gamete donors and donor-conceived adults searching for genetic relatives using DNA linking through a voluntary register. Human Reproduction, 30, 111–121. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Broeck, U., Vandermeeren, M., Vanderschueren, D., Enzlin, P., Demyttenaere, K., & D’hooghe, T. (2013). A systematic review of sperm donors: Demographic characteristics, attitudes, motives and experiences of the process of sperm donation. Human Reproduction Update, 19, 37–51. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dms039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser, M., Mochtar, M.H., deMelker, A.A., van der Veen, F., Repping, S., & Gerrits, T. (2016). Psychosocial counselling of identifiable sperm donors. Human Reproduction, 31, 1066–1074. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dew037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar