References
- Sheldon RS, Grubb BP, Olshansky B, et al. 2015 heart rhythm society expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and Vasovagal Syncope. Heart Rhythm [Internet]. 2015 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Apr 22];12(6):e41–e63. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1547527115003288
- Boris JR, Moak JP. Pediatric postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: where we stand. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2022 Jun 24 [cited 2023 Apr 22];150(1):e2021054945. doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-054945
- AbdelRazek M, Low P, Rocca W, et al. Epidemiology of postural tachycardia syndrome (S18.005). Neurology [Internet]. 2019 Apr 9 [cited 2023 Apr 22];92(15 Supplement). Available from: https://n.neurology.org/content/92/15_Supplement/S18.005
- Garland EM, Celedonio JE, Raj SR. Postural tachycardia syndrome: beyond orthostatic intolerance. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep [Internet]. 2015 Sep [cited 2023 Apr 22];15(9):60. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664448/
- Bryarly M, Phillips LT, Fu Q, et al. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: JACC Focus Seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 2019 Mar 19 [cited 2023 Apr 22];73(10):1207–1228. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109719302190
- Olshansky B, Cannom D, Fedorowski A, et al. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): a critical assessment. Prog Cardiovasc Dis [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Apr 22];63(3):263–270. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9012474/
- Buckey JC, Lane LD, Levine BD, et al. Orthostatic intolerance after spaceflight. J Appl Physiol [Internet]. 1996 Jul [cited 2023 Apr 27];81(1):7–18. Available from: https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.1.7
- Blomqvist CG, Stone HL Cardiovascular Adjustments to Gravitational Stress. In: Comprehensive Physiology [Internet]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2011 [cited 2023 Apr 27]. p. 1025–1063. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cphy.cp020328
- Fu Q, VanGundy TB, Galbreath MM, et al. Cardiac origins of the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 2010 Jun 22 [cited 2023 Apr 27];55(25):2858–2868. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109710014312
- Thieben MJ, Sandroni P, Sletten DM, et al. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: the mayo clinic experience. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Mar;82(3):308–313.
- Low PA, Sandroni P, Joyner M, et al. Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2023 Apr 27];20(3):352–358. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01407.x
- Raj SR, Robertson D. Blood volume perturbations in the postural tachycardia syndrome. Am J Med Sci [Internet]. 2007 Jul 1[cited 2023 Apr 27];334(1):57–60. Available from: https://www.amjmedsci.org/article/S0002-9629(15)32537-4/fulltext
- CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023 [cited 2023 Nov 28]. Post-COVID Conditions. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/long-term-effects/index.html
- Chadda K, Blakey E, Huang C, et al. Long COVID-19 and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome- is dysautonomia to Be blamed? Front Cardiovasc Med [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Nov 28];9. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2022.860198
- Kohno R, Cannom DS, Olshansky B, et al. Mast cell activation disorder and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: a clinical association. J Am Heart Assoc [Internet]. 2021 Sep 7 [cited 2023 Dec 7];10(17):e021002. Available from: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.121.021002
- Vernino S, Bourne KM, Stiles LE, et al. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): state of the science and clinical care from a 2019 national institutes of health expert consensus meeting - part 1. Auton Neurosci. 2021 Nov;235:102828. Epub 2021 Jun 5. PMID: 34144933; PMCID: PMC8455420. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102828
- Raj SR, Black BK, Biaggioni I, et al. Propranolol decreases tachycardia and improves symptoms in the postural tachycardia syndrome. Circulation [Internet]. 2009 Sep 1 [cited 2023 Apr 28];120(9):725–734. Available from: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.846501
- Grubb BP, Kanjwal Y, Kosinski DJ. The postural tachycardia syndrome: a concise guide to diagnosis and management. J Cardiovas Electrophysiol. 2006;17(1):108–112. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.00318.x
- Deng X, Zhang Y, Liao Y, et al. Efficacy of β-blockers on postural tachycardia syndrome in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr. 2019 Nov 7;7:460. doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00460. PMID: 31788462; PMCID: PMC6854016.
- Campbell IW, Ewing DJ, Clarke BF. 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone in the treatment of postural hypotension in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes [Internet]. 1975 Apr 1 [cited 2023 Sep 11];24(4):381–384. doi: 10.2337/diab.24.4.381
- Hasan B, Almasri J, Marwa B, et al. Treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome with medication: a systematic review. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2020 Dec 1 [cited 2023 Apr 28];35(14):1004–1016. doi: 10.1177/0883073820948679
- Ross AJ, Ocon AJ, Medow MS, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study of the vascular effects of midodrine in neuropathic compared with hyperadrenergic postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Sci Lond Engl 1979. 2014 Feb;126(4):289–296.
- Stewart JM, Munoz J, Weldon A. Clinical and physiological effects of an acute α-1 adrenergic agonist and a β-1 adrenergic antagonist in chronic orthostatic intolerance. Circulation [Internet]. 2002 Dec 3 [cited 2023 Apr 28];106(23):2946–2954. Available from: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000040999.00692.f3
- Ruzieh M, Dasa O, Pacenta A, et al. Droxidopa in the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Am J Ther. 2017;24(2):e157–e161. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000468
- Raj SR, Black BK, Biaggioni, et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition improves tachycardia in postural tachycardia syndrome. Circulation. 2005 May 31;111(21):2734–2740. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.497594
- Gee M, Watkins A, Brown J, et al. Ivabradine for the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: a systematic review. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2018 Jun;18(3):195–204.
- Mar P, Raj SR. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: mechanisms and new therapies. Annu Rev Med. 2020;71(1):235–248. doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-041818-011630
- Soliman K, Sturman S, Sarkar, et al. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): a diagnostic dilemma. Br J Cardiology. 2010;17:36–39.
- Coffin S, Black B, Biaggioni I, et al. Desmopressin acutely decreases tachycardia and improves symptoms in the postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Heart Rhythm Off J Heart Rhythm Soc [Internet]. 2012 Sep [cited 2023 Apr 30];9(9):1484–1490. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3419341/
- Kanjwal K, Saeed B, Karabin B, et al. Erythropoietin in the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Am J Ther. 2012 Mar;19(2):92–95.
- FDA updates warning labels of ESAs in cancer patients. 2007 Apr 1 [cited 2023 Apr 30];16. Available from: https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/fda-updates-warning-labels-esas-cancer-patients
- Rodriguez B, Hoepner R, Salmen A, et al. Immunomodulatory treatment in postural tachycardia syndrome: a case series. Eur J Neurol. 2021 May;28(5):1692–1697.
- Vernino S, Hopkins S, Bryarly M, et al. Randomized controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin for autoimmune postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (iSTAND). Clin Auton Res. 2024 Nov 03. doi: 10.1007/s10286-024-01020-9
- Nguyen H, Gupta V. Alpha-Lipoic Acid. [updated 2022 Sep 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564301/
- Murray GL, Colombo J. (r)Alpha lipoic acid is a safe, effective pharmacologic therapy of chronic orthostatic hypotension associated with low sympathetic tone. Int J Angiol Off Publ Int Coll Angiol Inc. 2019 Sep;28(3):188–193. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1676957
- Antiel R, Caudill J, Burkhardt B, et al. Iron insufficiency and hypovitaminosis D in adolescents with chronic fatigue and orthostatic intolerance. South Med J. 2011 Aug;104(8):609–611.
- Jarjour I, Jarjour L. Low iron storage and mild anemia in postural tachycardia syndrome in adolescents. Clin Auton Res Off J Clin Auton Res Soc. 2013 Aug;23(4):175–179. doi: 10.1007/s10286-013-0198-6
- Shouman K A randomized, controlled, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of intravenous iron sucrose in patients with non-anemic iron deficiency and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov. 2023 Jan [cited 2023 Apr 27]. (Report No: study/NCT04855266). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04855266
- Chaudhari S, Sacerdote A, Bahtiyar G. 1- hydroxylation defect in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: remission with calcitriol supplementation. Case Reports [Internet]. 2012 Jul 27 [cited 2023 Apr 30];2012(aug09 1):bcr0220125730. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3433525/
- Ashangari C, Suleman A. Abstract 121: vitamin D deficiency study in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Circ cardiovasc qual outcomes. Circulation [Internet]. 2015 May [cited 2023 Apr 30];8(suppl_2):A121–A121. Available from: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circoutcomes.8.suppl_2.121
- Juraschek S, Miller E III, Wanigatunga A, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on orthostatic hypotension: results from the STURDY trial. Am J Hypertens [Internet]. 2022 Feb 1 [cited 2023 Sep 10];35(2):192–199. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpab147
- Narasimhan B, Aggarwal D, Satish P, et al. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and experimental therapies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2022 Oct;31(10):1017–1025.
- French A, Shepherd C, Horne A, et al. 160 high dose octreotide; a novel therapy for the treatment of drug refractory postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in patients with joint hypermobility syndrome. Heart [Internet]. 2011 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Nov 17];97(Suppl 1):A89–90. Available from: https://heart.bmj.com/content/97/Suppl_1/A89.2
- Pyridostigmine bromide and pyridostigmine and digoxin in orthostatic intolerance and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and POTS - Clinical trials registry - ICH GCP [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 17]. Available from: https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT03261570
- University of Oklahoma. Vagus nerve stimulation in treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov. 2020 Apr [cited 2023 Apr 27]. (Report No.: NCT03930914). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03930914
- Diedrich A, Urechie V, Shiffer D, et al. Transdermal auricular vagus stimulation for the treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome. Auton Neurosci Basic Clin [Internet]. 2021 Dec [cited 2023 Apr 30];236:102886. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8939715/
- Stavrakis S, Chakraborty P, Farhat K, et al. Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation in postural tachycardia syndrome. JACC Clin Electrophysiol [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 7]. Available from: https://www.jacc.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacep.2023.10.015