Reduced NAA in motor and non‐motor brain regions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a cross‐sectional and longitudinal study

References

• Moffett JR, Namboodiri MA, Cangro CB, Neale JH. Immuno- histochemical localization of N-acetylaspartate in rat brain. Neuroreport 1991; 2: 131–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalra S, Cashman NR, Genge A, Arnold DL. Recovery of N- acetylaspartate in corticomotor neurons of patients with ALS after riluzole therapy. Neuroreport 1998; 9: 1757–1761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Stefano N, Matthews PM, Arnold DL. Reversible decreases in N-acetylaspartate after acute brain injury. Magn Reson Med 1995; 34: 721–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooney WD, Miller RG, Gelinas D, Schuff N, Maudsley AA, Weiner MW. Decreased N-acetylaspartate in motor cortex and corticospinal tract in ALS. Neurology 1998; 50: 1800–1805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis CM, Simmons A, Andrews C, Dawson JM, Williams SC, Leigh PN. A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in ALS: correlation with clinical findings. Neurology 1998; 51: 1104–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuff N, Rooney WD, Miller RG et al. Reanalysis of multislice 1H MRSI in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 2001; 45: 513–516.
   Google Scholar
• Kalra S, Arnold DL, Cashman NR. Biological markers in the diagnosis and treatment of ALS. J Neurol Sci 1999; 165 (Suppl 1): S27–S32.
   Google Scholar
• Suhy J, Miller RG, Rule R et al. Early detection and longitudinal changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by ¹H MRSI. Neurology 2002; 58: 773–779.
   Google Scholar
• Block W, Karitzky J, Treaber F et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the primary motor cortex in patients with motor neurone disease: subgroup analysis and follow-up measurements [see comments]. Arch Neurol 1998; 55: 931–936.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley WG, Bowen BC, Pattany PM, Rotta F. 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1999; 169: 84–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gredal O, Rosenbaum S, Topp S, Karlsborg M, Strange P, Werdelin L. Quantification of brain metabolites in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by localized proton magnetic resonance spectro- scopy [see comments]. Brain 1997; 48: 878–881.
   Google Scholar
• Chang L, Ernst T, Osborn D, Seltzer W, Leonido-Yee M, Poland RE. Proton spectroscopy in myotonic dystrophy: correlations with CTG repeats [see comments]. ArchNeurol 1998; 55: 305–311.
   Google Scholar
• Urenjak J, Williams SR, Gadian DG, Noble M. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy unambiguously identifies different neural cell types. J Neurosci 1993; 13: 981–989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pioro EP, Antel JP, Cashman NR, Arnold DL. Detection of cortical neuron loss in motor neurone disease by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in vivo. Neurology 1994; 44: 1933–1938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AP, Gunawardena WJ, Coutinho CM, Gatt JA, Shaw IC, Mitchell JD. Preliminary results of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in motor neurone disease (amytrophic lateral sclerosis). J Neurol Sci 1995; 129 (suppl): 85–89.
   Google Scholar
• Giroud M, Walker P, Bernard D et al. Reduced brain N- acetylaspartate in frontal lobes suggests neuronal loss in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [published erratum appears in Neurol Res 1997; 19: 456]. Neurol Res 1996; 18: 241–243.
   Google Scholar
• Cwik VA, Hanstock CC, Allen PS, Martin WR. Estimation of brainstem neuronal loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neurology 1998; 50: 72–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pioro EP, Majors AW, Mitsumoto H, Nelson DR, Ng TC. 1H-MRS evidence of neurodegeneration and excess glutamatezglutamine in ALS medulla. Neurology 1999; 53: 71–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen BC, Pattany PM, Bradley WG et al. MR imaging and localized proton spectroscopy of the precentral gyrus in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21: 647–658.
   Google Scholar
• Chan S, Shungu DC, Douglas-Akinwande A, Lange DJ, Rowland LP. Motor neuron diseases: comparison of single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy of the motor cortex with MR imaging of the brain. Radiology 1999; 212: 763–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarducci R, Sarchielli P, Presciutti O et al. Study of the primary motor cortex in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by quantitative ¹HMRS. ISMRM 2000; 1: 632.
   Google Scholar
• Petropoulos H, Mandler RN, Qualls C et al. 1H-MRS reveals diffuse neuronal injury in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ISMRM 2000; 1: 633.
   Google Scholar
• World Federation of Neurology Research Group. El Escorial World Federation of Neurology Criteria for the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1994; 124(suppl): 96–107.
   Google Scholar
• Haase A, Frahm J. Multiple chemical-shift-selective NMR imaging using stimulated echoes. J Magn Reson 1985; 64: 94–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe JL, Amend D, Schuff N et al. Tissue segmentation of the brain in Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Neuroradiol- ogy 1997; 18: 115–123.
   Google Scholar
• Schuff N, Ezekiel F, Gamst A et al. Region and tissue differences of metabolites in normally aged brain using ¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med 2001; 45: 899–907.
   Google Scholar
• Haupt CI, Schuff N, Weiner MW, Maudsley AA. Removal of lipid artifacts in 1H spectrscopic imaging by data extrapolation. Magn Reson Med 1996; 35: 678–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soher BJ, Young K, Govindaraju V, Maudsley AA. Automated spectral analysis III: application to in vivo proton MR spectro- scopy and spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med 1998; 40: 822–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis CM, Suckling J, Amaro E Jr et al. Volumetric analysis reveals corticospinal tract degeneration and extramotor involvement in ALS. Neurology 2001; 57: 1571–1578.
   Google Scholar
• Hanagasi HA, Gurvit IH, Ermutlu N et al. Cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: evidence from neuropsycholo- gical investigation and event-related potentials. Cognitive Brain Research 2002; 14: 234–244.
   Google Scholar
• Strong MJ, Grace GM, Orange JB, Leeper HA, Menon RS, Aere C. A prospective study of cognitive impairment in ALS. Neurology 1999; 53: 1665–1670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd CM, Richardson MP, Brooks DJ, Al-Chalabi A, Leigh PN. Extramotor involvement in ALS: PET studies with the GABAA ligand [11C]flumazenil. Brain 2000; 123: 2289–2896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludolph AC, Langen KJ, Regard M et al. Frontal lobe function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a neuropsychologic and positron emission tomography study. Acta Neurol Scand 1992; 85: 81–89.
   Google Scholar
• Evdokimidis I, Constantinidis TS, Gourtzelidis P et al. Frontal lobe dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2002; 195: 25–33.
   Google Scholar