Teachers’ perceptions and attitudes around the possible implementation of sex education in schools: views from teachers in Kazakhstan’s Karaganda Region

References

• Alcott, B. 2017. “Does Teacher Encouragement Influence Students’ Educational Progress? A Propensity-Score Matching Analysis.” Research in Higher Education 58 (7): 773–804. doi:10.1007/s11162-017-9446-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alimbekova, G., and A. Shabdenova. 2018. Социологическое Исследование Пo Изучению Состояния Репродуктивного Здоровья Подростков и Молодых Людей 15-19 Лет, Их Сексуального Поведения и Доступа к Услугам и Информации в Области Охраны Репродуктивного Здоровья. Ministry of Health care of Republic of Kazakhstan. Available at: https://kazakhstan.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%20%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81._2.pdf.ezproxy.nu.edu.kz/linkprocessor/plink?id=60a541ab-db39-3d82-8f52-14b2fec9a8fa
   Google Scholar
• Allen, L. 2005. “‘Say Everything’: Exploring Young People’s Suggestions for Improving Sexuality Education.” Sex Education 5 (4): 389–404. doi:10.1080/14681810500278493.
   Google Scholar
• Arystanbek. 2021. “Sex Education (Or the Lack Thereof) in Kazakhstan: Heteronormative Propaganda in the Curriculum of Özin Özi Tanu/ Samopoznanie.” Gender a Výzkum 22 (2): 11–27.
   Google Scholar
• Bowden, R. G., B. A. Lanning, G. Pippin, and J. F. Tanner. 2003. “Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Abstinence-Only Sex Education Curricula.” Education 123 (4): 780–788.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, G., M. B. Brown, and M. J. Migdal. 2007. “The Importance of Appropriate Sexuality Education.” Center for Inquiry Available at:: https://www.centerforinquiry.net/uploads/attachments/appropriate-sexuality-education.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brown, E. J. 2009. “When Insiders Become Outsiders: Parental Objections to Public School Sex Education Programs.” Duke Law Journal 59 (1): 109–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bureau of National Statistics. 2019. Demographic Statistics. Available at: https://stat.gov.kz/official/industry/61/statistic/6
   Google Scholar
• Byers, E. S., H. A. Sears, and L. R. Foster. 2013. “Factors Associated with Middle School Students’ Perceptions of the Quality of School-Based Sexual Health Education.” Sex Education 13 (2): 214–227. doi:10.1080/14681811.2012.727083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BZgA. 2016. “Standards for Sexuality Education in Europe: Frequently Asked Questions.” Available at:https://www.bzga-whocc.de/fileadmin/user_upload/FAQ_WHO_BZgA_Standards_English.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Campos, D. 2002. Sex, Youth, and Sex Education: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
   Google Scholar
• CitizenGO. 2019. Остановим антинародный Кодекс РК “О здоровье народа”! Available at: https://www.citizengo.org/ru/176015-ne-dopustit-legalizaciyu-prinuditelnoy-mediciny-v-kazahstane?utm_source=fb%26fbclid=IwAR1gWrPdL3DNs8SZVGVYXHYmXZoXF_ojBU-OYj0EfSdBJ8ITza-A6UrTMaw
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, L., L. Manion, and K. Morrison. 2018. Research Methods in Education. Eighth edition ed. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. N., H. A. Sears, E. Sandra Byers, and A. D. Weaver. 2004. “Sexual Health Education: Attitudes, Knowledge, and Comfort of Teachers in New Brunswick Schools.” The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality 13 (1): 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Depauli, C., and W. Plaute. 2018. “Parents’ and Teachers’ Attitudes, Objections and Expectations Towards Sexuality Education in Primary Schools in Austria.” Sex Education 18 (5): 511–526. doi:10.1080/14681811.2018.1433650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrani, N., A. CohenMiller, Z. Kateva, Z. Bekzhanova, A. Seitkhadyrova, and A. Badanova. 2022. “‘The Fearful Khan and the Delightful Beauties’: The Construction of Gender in Secondary School Textbooks in Kazkahstan.” International Journal of Educational Development 88. doi:10.1016/j.jedudev.2021102508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldfarb, E. S., and L. D. Lieberman. 2021. “Three Decades of Research: The Case for Comprehensive Sex Education.” Journal of Adolescent Health 68(1): 7–8. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grose, R. G., S. Grabe, and D. Kohfeldt. 2013. “Sexual Education, Gender Ideology, and Youth Sexual Empowerment.” Journal of Sex Research 51 (7): 742–753. doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.809511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haberland, N., and D. Rogow. 2015. “Sexuality Education: Emerging Trends in Evidence and Practice.” Journal of Adolescent Health 56 (1): S15–S21. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.08.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmer, J., K. Senior, B. Davidson, and A. Vodic. 2015. “Improving Sexual Health for Young People: Making Sexuality Education a Priority.” Sex Education 15 (2): 158–171. doi:10.1080/14681811.2014.989201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarkovská, L. 2020. “The European Union as a Child Molester: Sex Education on Pro-Russian Websites.” Sex Education 20 (2): 138–153. doi:10.1080/14681811.2019.1634041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabatova, K. 2019. “Overcoming a Taboo. Normalizing Sexuality Education.” In The Nazarbayev Generation. Youth in Kazakhstan, edited by M. Laruelle, 289–304. New York: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kabatova, K. 2022. “Social Norms and Gender Roles: Sex Education in Kazakhstan.” Culture Wars, Papers no. 6, May 2022. Available at: https://www.illiberalism.org/social-norms-and-gender-roles-sex-education-in-kazakhstan/
   Google Scholar
• Kabatova, K., and S. Marinin. 2018. April. “Половое просвещение в системе школьного образования Республики Казахстан: учить нельзя, молчать? (The sexuality education in the school system of the Republic of Kazakhstan: To teach or to keep silence?)” Available at: https://www.soros.kz/wp-content/uploads/201804/Учить-или-молчать_Половое-просвещение-в-РК_К.Кабатова-С.Маринин.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kantor, L., and N. Levitz. 2017. “Parents’ Views on Sex Education in Schools: How Much Do Democrats and Republicans Agree?” PloS One 12 (7): 1–9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelefang, B. 2008. Sexuality Education in Sweden: A Study Based on Research and Young People’s Service Providers in Gothenburg. International Masters of Science in Social Work. Gothenburg: Department of Social Work, University of Gothenburg.
   Google Scholar
• Ketting, E., L. Brockschmidt, and O. Ivanova. 2021. “Investigating the ‘C’ in CSE: Implementation and Effectiveness of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in the WHO European Region.” Sex Education 21 (2): 133–147. doi:10.1080/14681811.2020.1766435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketting, E., and O. Ivanova. 2018. “Sexuality Education in Europe and Central Asia: State of the Art and Recent Developments. An Overview of 25 Countries.” Available at: https://oegf.at/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/BZgA_Comprehensive-Country-Report_online_EN.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ketting, E., and C. Winkelmann. 2013. “New Approaches to Sexuality Education and Underlying Paradigms.” Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz 56 (2): 250–255. doi:10.1007/s00103-012-1599-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepore, J. 2015. “The Facts of Life: Sex Ed around the World [Review of Too Hot to Handle: A Global History of Sex Education, by J. Zimmerman].” Foreign Affairs 94 (4): 144–149. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24483825?
   Google Scholar
• Levine, P. 2016. “A Global History of Sexuality: The Modern Era.” Journal of World History 27 (2): 362–368. doi:10.1353/jwh.2016.0093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, D. S., and A. C. Hammock. 2020. “School Context and Content in Canadian Sex Education.” Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality 29 (3): 323–338. doi:10.3138/cjhs.2019-0046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohmann, T., P. Tam, W. Hopman, and W. Wobeser. 2009. “Knowledge of and Attitudes Towards HIV/AIDS among School Teachers in Belize.” International Journal of Infectious Diseases 13 (5): E228–E235. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2008.11.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milton, J. 2003. “Primary School Sex Education Programs: Views and Experiences of Teachers in Four Primary Schools in Sydney, Australia.” Sex Education 3 (3): 241–256. doi:10.1080/1468181032000119122.
   Google Scholar
• Mkumbo, K. A. 2012. “Teachers’ Attitudes Towards and Comfort about Teaching School-based Sexuality Education in Urban and Rural Tanzania.” Global Journal of Health Science 4 (4): 149–158. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v4n4p149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ollis, D., L. Harrison, and A. Richardson. 2012. “Building Capacity in Sexuality Education: The Northern Bay College Experience: Report of the First Phase of the Sexuality Education and Community Support (SECS) Project.” Geelong, VIC: Deakin University.
   Google Scholar
• Onoyase, A. 2018. “Teachers’ Attitude Towards Teaching of Sexuality Education in Federal Government Colleges in Nigeria-Implications for Counselling.” Higher Education Studies 8 (4): 162–167. doi:10.5539/hes.v8n4p162.
   Google Scholar
• Rabbitte, M., and M. Enriquez. 2018. “The Role of Policy on Sexual Health Education in Schools: Review.” Journal of School Nursing 35 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1177/1059840518789240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis, M. H. D. A., and D. G. Vilar. 2006. “Validity of a Scale to Measure Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Sex Education.” Sex Education 6 (2): 185–192. doi:10.1080/14681810600578834.
   Google Scholar
• Sabah, S., A. Boujemaas, K. Salah-Eddine, T. El Abboudi, and D. Berger. 2010. “Sexuality Education: Analysis of Moroccan Teachers’ and Future Teachers’ Conceptions.” US-China Education Review 7 (8): 28–36.
   Google Scholar
• Sultan, A. 2020. “About It: Why Kazakhstan Still Does Not Have Sex Education at Schools? Central Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting.” Available at: www.cabar.asia/en/about-it-why-kazakhstan-still-does-not-have-sex-education-at-schools
   Google Scholar
• Toksoy, S., and F. Evran Acar. 2019. “The Influence of Teacher Expectancy Improvement Strategies on Student Attitude and Achievement in English Courses (An Action Research Sample).” Education Sciences 9 (1): 20. doi:10.3390/educsci9010020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2018. “Why Comprehensive Sexuality Education Is Important.” Available at: https://en.unesco.org/news/why-comprehensive-sexuality-education-important
   Google Scholar
• UNFPA Kazakhstan. 2018. “Teachers of Turkestan Region Equipped with New Knowledge on Reproductive Health and Gender Equality.” Available at: http://kazakhstan.unfpa.org/en/news/teachers-turkestan-region-equipped-new-knowledge-reproductive-healthh-and-gender-equality
   Google Scholar
• UNFPA Kazakhstan. 2020. “Осведомленность о методах планирования семьи в Казахстане.” Available at: https://kazakhstan.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/contraceptionreport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. 2016. “Adolescent Health in Kyrgyzstan.” Available at: https://www.unicef.org/kyrgyzstan/reports/adolescent-health-kyrgyzstan
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. 2019. “A Situational Analysis of Children in Kazakhstan.” Available at: www.unicef.org/kazakhstan/media/4611/file/Situation%20Analysis-2019.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wahlström, I. 2013. “Ready or Not? A Case Study of Brazilian Teachers Trained in Sexuality Education.” Master of Science dissertation. Lund University, Sweden
   Google Scholar