122
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke: neurorestorative or neuroprotective?

, &
Pages 149-158 | Received 06 Dec 2017, Accepted 31 May 2018, Published online: 31 Jul 2018

References

  • Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015 Jan 27;131(4):e29–322. PubMed PMID: 25520374.
  • Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA stroke study group. N Engl J Med. 1995 Dec 14;333(24):1581–1587. PubMed PMID: 7477192
  • Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep 25;359(13):1317–1329. PubMed PMID: 18815396; eng.
  • Campbell BC, Mitchell PJ, Kleinig TJ, et al. Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med. 2015 Mar 12;372(11):1009–1018. PubMed PMID: 25671797.
  • Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Hill MD. Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 11;372(24):2366. PubMed PMID: 26065306.
  • Nogueira RG, Jadhav AP, Haussen DC, et al. Thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke with a mismatch between deficit and infarct. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jan 4;378(1):11–21. PubMed PMID: 29129157.
  • Hacke W, New A. DAWN for imaging-based selection in the treatment of acute stroke. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jan 4;378(1):81–83. PubMed PMID: 29129127.
  • Zhang ZG, Chopp M. Neurorestorative therapies for stroke: underlying mechanisms and translation to the clinic. Lancet Neurol. 2009 May;8(5):491–500. PubMed PMID: 19375666.
  • Zhang J, Li Y, Zg Z, et al. Bone marrow stromal cells increase oligodendrogenesis after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009 Jun;29(6):1166–1174. PubMed PMID: 19384336; eng.
  • Zhang R, Wang Y, Zhang L, et al. Sildenafil (Viagra) induces neurogenesis and promotes functional recovery after stroke in rats. Stroke. 2002 Nov;33(11):2675–2680. PubMed PMID: 12411660; eng.
  • Zhang ZG, Zhang L, Jiang Q, et al. Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells participate in cerebral neovascularization after focal cerebral ischemia in the adult mouse. Circ Res. 2002 Feb 22;90(3):284–288. PubMed PMID: 11861416; eng.
  • Hickenbottom SL, Grotta J. Neuroprotective therapy. Semin Neurol. 1998;18(4): 485–492. PubMed PMID: 9932619.
  • Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial Investigators. Use of anti-ICAM-1 therapy in ischemic stroke: results of the enlimomab acute stroke trial. Neurology. 2001 Oct 23;57(8):1428–1434. PubMed PMID: 11673584; eng.
  • Furuya K, Takeda H, Azhar S, et al. Examination of several potential mechanisms for the negative outcome in a clinical stroke trial of enlimomab, a murine anti-human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antibody: a bedside-to-bench study. Stroke. 2001 Nov;32(11):2665–2674. PubMed PMID: 11692032.
  • Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues. Trends Mol Med. 2005 Sep;11(9):421–429. PubMed PMID: 16099219.
  • Hannappel E, Van Kampen M. Determination of thymosin beta 4 in human blood cells and serum. J Chromatogr. 1987 Jun 26;397:279–285. PubMed PMID: 3654821; eng.
  • Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Meng Y, et al. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with thymosin beta(4) in rats. J Neurosurg. 2011;114:102-115. PubMed PMID: 20486893; Eng
  • Zhang J, Zg Z, Morris D, et al. Neurological functional recovery after thymosin beta4 treatment in mice with experimental auto encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience. 2009 Dec 29;164(4):1887–1893. PubMed PMID: 19782721; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2784109. eng.
  • Morris DC, Zhang ZG, Zhang J, et al. Treatment of neurological injury with thymosin beta4. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012 Oct;1269:110–116. PubMed PMID: 23045978; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC 3471669.
  • Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Meng Y, et al. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of thymosin beta4 treatment following experimental traumatic brain injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012 Oct;1270:51–58. PubMed PMID: 23050817; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC 3547647.
  • Zhang RL, Chopp M, Zhang ZG, et al. A rat model of focal embolic cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 1997 Aug 22;766(1–2):83–92. PubMed PMID: 9359590.
  • Morris DC, Cui Y, Cheung WL, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin beta4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014 Oct 15;345(1–2):61–67. PubMed PMID: 25060418; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4177939.
  • Morris DC, Cheung WL, Loi R, et al. Thymosin beta4 for the treatment of acute stroke in aged rats. Neurosci Lett. 2017 Oct 17; PubMed PMID: 28864242; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5624853;659:7–13.
  • Cenci MA, Whishaw IQ, Schallert T. Animal models of neurological deficits: how relevant is the rat? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002 Jul;3(7):574–579. PubMed PMID: 12094213.
  • Chen J, Zacharek A, Li Y, et al. N-cadherin mediates nitric oxide-induced neurogenesis in young and retired breeder neurospheres. Neuroscience. 2006 Jun 30;140(2):377–388. PubMed PMID: 16580782; eng.
  • Zhang L, Schallert T, Zg Z, et al. A test for detecting long-term sensorimotor dysfunction in the mouse after focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Methods. 2002 Jun 30;117(2):207–214. PubMed PMID: 12100987; eng.
  • Morris DC, Chopp M, Zhang L, et al. Thymosin beta4 improves functional neurological outcome in a rat model of embolic stroke. Neuroscience. 2010 Aug 25;169(2):674–682. PubMed PMID: 20627173; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2907184.
  • Friedman B, Schachtrup C, Tsai PS, et al. Acute vascular disruption and aquaporin 4 loss after stroke. Stroke. 2009 Jun;40(6):2182–2190. PubMed PMID: 19372455; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2753985.
  • Rosenstein JM, Krum JM, Sternberger LA, et al. Immunocytochemical expression of the endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) during brain angiogenesis. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1992 Mar 20;66(1):47–54. PubMed PMID: 1376220; eng.
  • Santra M, Chopp M, Santra S, et al. Thymosin beta 4 up-regulates miR-200a expression and induces differentiation and survival of rat brain progenitor cells. J Neurochem. 2016 Jan;136(1):118–132. PubMed PMID: 26466330; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4688160.
  • Santra M, Zhang ZG, Yang J, et al. Thymosin beta4 up-regulation of microRNA-146a promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and suppression of the Toll-like proinflammatory pathway. J Biol Chem. 2014 Jul 11;289(28):19508–19518. PubMed PMID: 24828499; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4094061.
  • Aguirre A, Dupree JL, Mangin JM, et al. A functional role for EGFR signaling in myelination and remyelination. Nat Neurosci. 2007 Aug;10(8):990–1002. PubMed PMID: 17618276; eng.
  • Aguirre A, Gallo V. Reduced EGFR signaling in progenitor cells of the adult subventricular zone attenuates oligodendrogenesis after demyelination. Neuron Glia Biol. 2007 Aug;3(3):209–220. PubMed PMID: 18634612; eng.
  • Somanath PR, Kandel ES, Hay N, et al. Akt1 signaling regulates integrin activation, matrix recognition, and fibronectin assembly. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 3;282(31):22964–22976. PubMed PMID: 17562714; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2731941.
  • Flores AI, Narayanan SP, Morse EN, et al. Constitutively active Akt induces enhanced myelination in the CNS. J Neurosci. 2008 Jul 9;28(28):7174–7183. PubMed PMID: 18614687; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4395496.
  • Ormseth CH, Sheth KN, Saver JL, et al. The American heart association’s get with the guidelines (GWTG)-stroke development and impact on stroke care. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2017 Jun;2(2):94–105. PubMed PMID: 28959497; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5600018.
  • Reeves MJ, Arora S, Broderick JP, et al. Acute stroke care in the US: results from 4 pilot prototypes of the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry. Stroke. 2005 Jun;36(6):1232–1240. PubMed PMID: 15890989; eng.
  • Alvarez-Buylla A, Garcia-Verdugo JM. Neurogenesis in adult subventricular zone. J Neurosci. 2002 Feb 1;22(3):629–634. PubMed PMID: 11826091; eng.
  • Alvarez-Buylla A, Lim DA. For the long run: maintaining germinal niches in the adult brain. Neuron. 2004 Mar 4;41(5):683–686. PubMed PMID: 15003168; eng.
  • Fisher M, Albers GW, Donnan GA, et al. Enhancing the development and approval of acute stroke therapies: stroke therapy academic industry roundtable. Stroke. 2005 Aug;36(8):1808–1813. PubMed PMID: 16020764; eng.
  • Philip M, Benatar M, Fisher M, et al. Methodological quality of animal studies of neuroprotective agents currently in phase II/III acute ischemic stroke trials. Stroke. 2009 Feb;40(2):577–581. PubMed PMID: 19074479; eng.
  • Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017 Mar 7;135(10):e146–e603. PubMed PMID: 28122885; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5408160.
  • Delaney C, Campbell M. The blood brain barrier: insights from development and ageing. Tissue barriers. 2017 Sep 6;e1373897 PubMed PMID: 28956691
  • Rossi DJ, Jamieson CH, Weissman IL. Stems cells and the pathways to aging and cancer. Cell. 2008 Feb 22;132(4):681–696. PubMed PMID: 18295583; eng.
  • Rando TA. Stem cells, ageing and the quest for immortality. Nature. 2006 Jun 29;441(7097):1080–1086. PubMed PMID: 16810243; eng.
  • Darsalia V, Heldmann U, Lindvall O, et al. Stroke-induced neurogenesis in aged brain. Stroke. 2005 Aug;36(8):1790–1795. PubMed PMID: 16002766; eng.
  • Bondolfi L, Ermini F, Jm L, et al. Impact of age and caloric restriction on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice. Neurobiol Aging. 2004 Mar;25(3):333–340. PubMed PMID: 15123339; eng.
  • Kuhn HG, Dickinson-Anson H, Gage FH. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat: age-related decrease of neuronal progenitor proliferation. J Neurosci. 1996 Mar 15;16(6):2027–2033. PubMed PMID: 8604047; eng.
  • Li S, Carmichael ST. Growth-associated gene and protein expression in the region of axonal sprouting in the aged brain after stroke. Neurobiol Dis. 2006 Aug;23(2):362–373. PubMed PMID: 16782355; eng.
  • Li Y, Jiang N, Powers C, et al. Neuronal damage and plasticity identified by microtubule-associated protein 2, growth-associated protein 43, and cyclin D1 immunoreactivity after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke. 1998 Sep;29(9):1972–80; discussion 1980–1. PubMed PMID: 9731626; eng.
  • Luo J, Daniels SB, Lennington JB, et al. The aging neurogenic subventricular zone. Aging Cell. 2006 Apr;5(2):139–152. PubMed PMID: 16626393; eng.
  • Shapira S, Sapir M, Wengier A, et al. Aging has a complex effect on a rat model of ischemic stroke. Brain Res. 2002 Jan 25;925(2):148–158. PubMed PMID: 11792363.
  • Franklin RJ. Why does remyelination fail in multiple sclerosis? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002 Sep;3(9):705–714. PubMed PMID: 12209119; eng.
  • Franklin RJ. Remyelination by transplanted olfactory ensheathing cells. Anat Rec B New Anat. 2003 Mar;271(1):71–76. PubMed PMID: 12619088; eng.
  • Franklin RJ, Ffrench-Constant C. Remyelination in the CNS: from biology to therapy. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Nov;9(11):839–855. PubMed PMID: 18931697; eng.
  • Franklin RJ, Kotter MR. The biology of CNS remyelination: the key to therapeutic advances. PubMed PMID: 18317673; eng. J Neurol. 2008 Mar;255 Suppl 1:19–25
  • Nait-Oumesmar B, Picard-Riera N, Kerninon C, et al. The role of SVZ-derived neural precursors in demyelinating diseases: from animal models to multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2008 Feb 15;265(1–2):26–31. PubMed PMID: 17961598; eng.
  • Pantoni L, Garcia JH, Gutierrez JA. Cerebral white matter is highly vulnerable to ischemia. Stroke. 1996 Sep;27(9):1641–6; discussion 1647. PubMed PMID: 8784142; eng.
  • Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, et al. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004 Nov 25;432(7016):466–472. PubMed PMID: 15565145; eng.
  • Smart N, Risebro CA, Melville AA, et al. Thymosin beta4 induces adult epicardial progenitor mobilization and neovascularization. Nature. 2007 Jan 11;445(7124):177–182. PubMed PMID: 17108969; eng.
  • Sosne G, Qiu P, Kurpakus-Wheater M. Thymosin beta-4 and the eye: I can see clearly now the pain is gone. PubMed PMID: 17495249; eng. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Sep;1112:114–122
  • Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, et al. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012 Jan;12(1):37–51. PubMed PMID: 22074294; eng.
  • Seki T, Arai Y. Age-related production of new granule cells in the adult dentate gyrus. Neuroreport. 1995 Dec 15;6(18):2479–2482. PubMed PMID: 8741746; eng.
  • Philp D, Scheremeta B, Sibliss K, et al. Thymosin beta4 promotes matrix metalloproteinase expression during wound repair. J Cell Physiol. 2006 Jul;208(1):195–200. PubMed PMID: 16607611; eng.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.