Cellular proteostasis: a new twist in the action of thymosin α1

References

• Goldstein AL, Slater FD, White A. Preparation, assay, and partial purification of a thymic lymphocytopoietic factor (thymosin). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1966;56(3):1010–1017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein AL, Goldstein AL. From lab to bedside: emerging clinical applications of thymosin alpha 1. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2009;9(5):593–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuthill CW, King RS. Thymosin alpha 1–A peptide immune modulator with a broad range of clinical applications. Clin Exp Pharmacol. 2013;3(4):1000133.
   Google Scholar
• Garaci E, Pica F, Matteucci C, et al. Historical review on thymosin alpha1 in oncology: preclinical and clinical experiences. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15(Suppl 1):S31–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camerini R, Garaci E. Historical review of thymosin alpha 1 in infectious diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15(Suppl 1):S117–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feng Z, Shi Q, Fan Y, et al. Ulinastatin and/or thymosin alpha1 for severe sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;80(2):335–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through toll-like receptor signaling. Blood. 2004;103(11):4232–4239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani L, Bistoni F, Perruccio K, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood. 2006;108(7):2265–2274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C, et al. Thymosin alpha1: an endogenous regulator of inflammation, immunity, and tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:326–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King R, Tuthill C. Immune modulation with thymosin alpha 1 treatment. Vitam Horm. 2016;102:151–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper LV, Macpherson AJ. Immune adaptations that maintain homeostasis with the intestinal microbiota. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10(3):159–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorburn AN, Macia L, Mackay CR. Diet, metabolites, and “western-lifestyle” inflammatory diseases. Immunity. 2014;40(6):833–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grohmann U, Fallarino F, Puccetti P. Tolerance, DCs and tryptophan: much ado about IDO. Trends Immunol. 2003;24(5):242–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puccetti P, Grohmann U. IDO and regulatory T cells: a role for reverse signalling and non-canonical NF-kappaB activation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7(10):817–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani L, Zelante T, De Luca A, et al. Microbiota control of a tryptophan-AhR pathway in disease tolerance to fungi. Eur J Immunol. 2014;44(11):3192–3200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelante T, Fallarino F, Bistoni F, et al. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in infection: the paradox of an evasive strategy that benefits the host. Microbes Infect. 2009;11(1):133–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozza S, Gaziano R, Bonifazi P, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates the TLR9/MyD88/IRF7-dependent murine cytomegalovirus sensing for induction of anti-viral responses in vivo. Int Immunol. 2007;19(11):1261–1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang P, Chan J, Dragoi AM, et al. Activation of IKK by thymosin alpha1 requires the TRAF6 signalling pathway. EMBO Rep. 2005;6(6):531–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhary K, Shinde R, Liu H, et al. Amino acid metabolism inhibits antibody-driven kidney injury by inducing autophagy. J Immunol. 2015;194(12):5713–5724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravindran R, Khan N, Nakaya HI, et al. Vaccine activation of the nutrient sensor GCN2 in dendritic cells enhances antigen presentation. Science. 2014;343(6168):313–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGaha TL. IDO-GCN2 and autophagy in inflammation. Oncotarget. 2015;6(26):21771–21772.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deretic V, Saitoh T, Akira S. Autophagy in infection, inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(10):722–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampe J, Franke A, Rosenstiel P, et al. A genome-wide association scan of nonsynonymous SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for Crohn disease in ATG16L1. Nat Genet. 2007;39(2):207–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rioux JD, Xavier RJ, Taylor KD, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for Crohn disease and implicates autophagy in disease pathogenesis. Nat Genet. 2007;39(5):596–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi AJ, Ryter SW. Autophagy in inflammatory diseases. Int J Cell Biol. 2011;2011:732798.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Luca A, Smeekens SP, Casagrande A, et al. IL-1 receptor blockade restores autophagy and reduces inflammation in chronic granulomatous disease in mice and in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(9):3526–3531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadwell K. Crosstalk between autophagy and inflammatory signalling pathways: balancing defence and homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16(11):661–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galluzzi L, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Demaria S, et al. Activating autophagy to potentiate immunogenic chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017;14(4):247–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You L, Jin S, Zhu L, et al. Autophagy, autophagy-associated adaptive immune responses and its role in hematologic malignancies. Oncotarget. 2017;8(7):12374–12388.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kroemer G, Marino G, Levine B. Autophagy and the integrated stress response. Mol Cell. 2010;40(2):280–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau K, Luo S, Rubinsztein DC. Cytoprotective roles for autophagy. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2010;22(2):206–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi CS, Shenderov K, Huang NN, et al. Activation of autophagy by inflammatory signals limits IL-1beta production by targeting ubiquitinated inflammasomes for destruction. Nat Immunol. 2012;13(3):255–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deretic V. Autophagy: an emerging immunological paradigm. J Immunol. 2012;189(1):15–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe SM, Miller S, Sorscher EJ. Cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(19):1992–2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan BP, Freedman SD. Cystic fibrosis. Lancet. 2009;373(9678):1891–1904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratjen FA. Cystic fibrosis: pathogenesis and future treatment strategies. Respir Care. 2009;54(5):595–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luciani A, Villella VR, Esposito S, et al. Defective CFTR induces aggresome formation and lung inflammation in cystic fibrosis through ROS-mediated autophagy inhibition. Nat Cell Biol. 2010;12(9):863–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luciani A, Villella VR, Esposito S, et al. Cystic fibrosis: a disorder with defective autophagy. Autophagy. 2011;7(1):104–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdulrahman BA, Khweek AA, Akhter A, et al. Autophagy stimulation by rapamycin suppresses lung inflammation and infection by Burkholderia cenocepacia in a model of cystic fibrosis. Autophagy. 2011;7(11):1359–1370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiuri L, Raia V, Kroemer G. Strategies for the etiological therapy of cystic fibrosis. Cell Death Differ. 2017;24(11):1825–1844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiuri L, Luciani A, Giardino I, et al. Tissue transglutaminase activation modulates inflammation in cystic fibrosis via PPARgamma down-regulation. J Immunol. 2008;180(11):7697–7705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luciani A, Villella VR, Vasaturo A, et al. SUMOylation of tissue transglutaminase as link between oxidative stress and inflammation. J Immunol. 2009;183(4):2775–2784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cafferata EG, Guerrico AM, Pivetta OH, et al. NF-kappaB activation is involved in regulation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) by interleukin-1beta. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(18):15441–15444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daynes RA, Jones DC. Emerging roles of PPARs in inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002;2(10):748–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamark T, Johansen T. Autophagy: links with the proteasome. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2010;22(2):192–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorkoy G, Lamark T, Brech A, et al. p62/SQSTM1 forms protein aggregates degraded by autophagy and has a protective effect on huntingtin-induced cell death. J Cell Biol. 2005;171(4):603–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villella VR, Esposito S, Bruscia EM, et al. Targeting the intracellular environment in cystic fibrosis: restoring autophagy as a novel strategy to circumvent the CFTR defect. Front Pharmacol. 2013;4:1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman LR, Ramsey BW. Cystic fibrosis therapeutics: the road ahead. Chest. 2013;143(1):207–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Benedictis FM, Bush A. Corticosteroids in respiratory diseases in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(1):12–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devor DC, Schultz BD. Ibuprofen inhibits cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-mediated cl- secretion. J Clin Invest. 1998;102(4):679–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bk R, Fibrosis C. The year in review. Respir Care. 2018;63(2):238–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannitti RG, Carvalho A, Cunha C, et al. Th17/Treg imbalance in murine cystic fibrosis is linked to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase deficiency but corrected by kynurenines. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(6):609–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng SH, Gregory RJ, Marshall J, et al. Defective intracellular transport and processing of CFTR is the molecular basis of most cystic fibrosis. Cell. 1990;63(4):827–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani L, Oikonomou V, Moretti S, et al. Thymosin alpha1 represents a potential potent single-molecule-based therapy for cystic fibrosis. Nat Med. 2017;23(5):590–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward CL, Omura S, Kopito RR. Degradation of CFTR by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Cell. 1995;83(1):121–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomati V, Sondo E, Armirotti A, et al. Genetic inhibition of the ubiquitin ligase rnf5 attenuates phenotypes associated to f508del cystic fibrosis mutation. Sci Rep. 2015;5:12138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun XX, He X, Yin L, et al. The nucleolar ubiquitin-specific protease USP36 deubiquitinates and stabilizes c-myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(12):3734–3739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taillebourg E, Gregoire I, Viargues P, et al. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP36 controls selective autophagy activation by ubiquitinated proteins. Autophagy. 2012;8(5):767–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villella VR, Esposito S, Bruscia EM, et al. Disease-relevant proteostasis regulation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Cell Death Differ. 2013;20(8):1101–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha CL, Assani KD, Rinehardt H, et al. Cysteamine-mediated clearance of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in human cystic fibrosis macrophages. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0186169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vij N, Chandramani-Shivalingappa P, Van Westphal C, et al. Cigarette smoke-induced autophagy impairment accelerates lung aging, COPD-emphysema exacerbations and pathogenesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2018;314(1):C73–C87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottner M, Freyssinet JM, Martinez MC. Mechanisms of the noxious inflammatory cycle in cystic fibrosis. Respir Res. 2009;10:23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantin AM, Hartl D, Konstan MW, et al. Inflammation in cystic fibrosis lung disease: pathogenesis and therapy. J Cyst Fibros. 2015;14(4):419–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuk JM, Jo EK. Crosstalk between autophagy and inflammasomes. Mol Cells. 2013;36(5):393–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannitti RG, Napolioni V, Oikonomou V, et al. IL-1 receptor antagonist ameliorates inflammasome-dependent inflammation in murine and human cystic fibrosis. Nat Commun. 2016;7:10791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares MP, Gozzelino R, Weis S. Tissue damage control in disease tolerance. Trends Immunol. 2014;35(10):483–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fajac I, De Boeck K. New horizons for cystic fibrosis treatment. Pharmacol Ther. 2017;170:205–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez A, Issler AC, Cotton CU, et al. CFTR inhibition mimics the cystic fibrosis inflammatory profile. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007;292(2):L383–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter MJ, Treharne KJ, Winter AK, et al. Expression of wild-type CFTR suppresses NF-kappaB-driven inflammatory signalling. PLoS One. 2010;5(7):e11598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vij N, Mazur S, Zeitlin PL. CFTR is a negative regulator of NFkappaB mediated innate immune response. PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalli J, Rosignoli G, Hayhoe RP, et al. CFTR inhibition provokes an inflammatory response associated with an imbalance of the annexin A1 pathway. Am J Pathol. 2010;177(1):176–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomati V, Caci E, Ferrera L, et al. Thymosin alpha-1 does not correct F508del-CFTR in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia. JCI Insight. 2018;3:3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodas M, Vij N. Augmenting autophagy for prognosis based intervention of COPD-pathophysiology. Respir Res. 2017;18(1):83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar