Thymosin alpha 1 treatment for patients with sepsis

References

• Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23;315(8):801–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Poll T, van de Veerdonk FL, Scicluna BP, et al. The immunopathology of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017 Jul;17(7):407–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bone RC. The pathogenesis of sepsis. Ann Intern Med. 1991 Sep 15;115(6):457–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler EJ, Fisher CJ Jr., Sprung CL, et al. Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HA-1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The HA-1A Sepsis Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1991 Feb 14;324(7):429–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opal SM, Fisher CJ Jr., Dhainaut JF, et al. Confirmatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist trial in severe sepsis: a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. The Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Sepsis Investigator Group. Crit Care Med. 1997 Jul;25(7):1115–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher CJ Jr., Dhainaut JF, Opal SM, et al. Recombinant human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of patients with sepsis syndrome. Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phase III rhIL-1ra Sepsis Syndrome Study Group. JAMA. 1994 Jun 15;271(23):1836–1843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exley AR, Cohen J, Buurman W, et al. Monoclonal antibody to TNF in severe septic shock. Lancet. 1990 May 26;335(8700):1275–1277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE. The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 9;348(2):138–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotchkiss RS, Monneret G, Payen D. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: from cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013 Dec;13(12):862–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boomer JS, To K, Chang KC, et al. Immunosuppression in patients who die of sepsis and multiple organ failure. JAMA. 2011 Dec 21;306(23):2594–2605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotchkiss RS, Monneret G, Payen D. Immunosuppression in sepsis: a novel understanding of the disorder and a new therapeutic approach. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013 Mar;13(3):260–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil NK, Bohannon JK, Sherwood ER. Immunotherapy: a promising approach to reverse sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Pharmacol Res. 2016 Sep;111:688–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein AL, Slater FD, White A. Preparation, assay, and partial purification of a thymic lymphocytopoietic factor (thymosin). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1966 Sep;56(3):1010–1017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low TL, Thurman GB, McAdoo M, et al. The chemistry and biology of thymosin. I. Isolation, characterization, and biological activities of thymosin alpha1 and polypeptide beta1 from calf thymus. J Biol Chem. 1979 Feb;254(3):981–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low TL, Goldstein AL. The chemistry and biology of thymosin. II. Amino acid sequence analysis of thymosin alpha1 and polypeptide beta1. J Biol Chem. 1979 Feb;254(3):987–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camerini R, Garaci E. Historical review of thymosin alpha 1 in infectious diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15(Suppl 1):S117–S27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matteucci C, Grelli S, Balestrieri E, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives. Future Microbiol. 2017;12:141–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013 Jan 17;17(1):R8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw YF. Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Gastroen Hepatol. 2004 Dec;19(Suppl 6):S73–S5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rustgi VK. Thymalfasin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. Expert Rev Anti-Infect. 2005 Dec;3(6):885–892.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serafino A, Pierimarchi P, Pica F, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 as a stimulatory agent of innate cell-mediated immune response. Ann Ny Acad Sci. 2012;1270:13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafino A, Pica F, Andreola F, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis in human monocyte-derived macrophages. J Innate Immun. 2014;6(1):72–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C, et al. Thymosin alpha1: an endogenous regulator of inflammation, immunity, and tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:326–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Q, Doan LX, Zhang R, et al. Thymosin-alpha 1 modulates dendritic cell differentiation and functional maturation from human peripheral blood CD14(+) monocytes. Immunol Lett. 2007 Jun 15;110(2):110–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through toll-like receptor signaling. Blood. 2004 Jun 01;103(11):4232–4239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bistoni F, Baccarini M, Puccetti P, et al. Enhancement of natural killer cell activity in mice by treatment with a thymic factor. Cancer Immunol Immun. 1984;17(1):51–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham E, Glauser MP, Butler T, et al. p55 Tumor necrosis factor receptor fusion protein in the treatment of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. A randomized controlled multicenter trial. Ro 45-2081 Study Group. JAMA. 1997 May 21;277(19):1531–1538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venet F, Lukaszewicz AC, Payen D, et al. Monitoring the immune response in sepsis: a rational approach to administration of immunoadjuvant therapies. Curr Opin Immunol. 2013 Aug;25(4):477–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Docke WD, Randow F, Syrbe U, et al. Monocyte deactivation in septic patients: restoration by IFN-gamma treatment. Nat Med. 1997 Jun;3(6):678–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unsinger J, McGlynn M, Kasten KR, et al. IL-7 promotes T cell viability, trafficking, and functionality and improves survival in sepsis. J Immunol. 2010 Apr;184(7):3768–3779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meisel C, Schefold JC, Pschowski R, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to reverse sepsis-associated immunosuppression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Oct;180(7):640–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang K, Svabek C, Vazquez-Guillamet C, et al. Targeting the programmed cell death 1: programmed cell death ligand 1 pathway reverses T cell exhaustion in patients with sepsis. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J. Effects of thymosin-alpha1 on cell immunity function in patients with septic shock. Chin Crit Care Med. 2007 Mar;19(3):153–155.
   Google Scholar
• Wu J, Fang Q. Immune regulation mechanism of thymosin - α1 on severe sepsis patients. Chin Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;24(11):815–816.
   Google Scholar
• Lei S, Wu Y, Chen J. Application of thymosin alphal to the ptients with severe hospital acquired pneumonis. Chin Crit Care Med. 2005 Oct;25(10):716–719.
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Zhou L, Qiang X, et al. Effect of continuous blood purification and thymosin alpha1 on the cellular immunity in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Chin Crit Care Med. 2009 Mar;21(3):139–142.
   Google Scholar
• Gui C, Ai Y, Zhang L. Effectiveness of thymosin alpha 1 therapy and its effects on immune function in the patients with sepsis. Chin Crit Care Med. 2012 Mar;32(3):255–258.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao M, Cao Y, Fei D. Influence of thymosin α1 on cellular immunity in the patients with severe sepsis. Chin Crit Care Med. 2007 Mar;27(3):206–208.
   Google Scholar
• Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Intensive Care Med. 2008 Jan;34(1):17–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Cen Z, Liu L, et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis. Chin Crit Care Med. 2016 Sep;36(9):783–788.
   Google Scholar
• Drewry AM, Samra N, Skrupky LP, et al. Persistent lymphopenia after diagnosis of sepsis predicts mortality. Shock. 2014 Nov;42(5):383–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue S, Suzuki-Utsunomiya K, Okada Y, et al. Reduction of immunocompetent T cells followed by prolonged lymphopenia in severe sepsis in the elderly. Crit Care Med. 2013 Mar;41(3):810–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Y, Tu Y, Chen X, et al. Protective effect of Ulinastatin against murine models of sepsis: inhibition of TNF-alpha and IL-6 and augmentation of IL-10 and IL-13. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2012 Sep;64(6):543–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue KI, Takano H, Shimada A, et al. Urinary trypsin inhibitor protects against systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Mar;67(3):673–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HY. Clinical trial with a new immunomodulatory strategy: treatment of severe sepsis with Ulinastatin and Maipuxin. Chin Med J. 2007 Feb 13; 87(7):451–457.
   Google Scholar
• Chen H, He M, Li Y. Treatment of patients with severe sepsis using ulinastatin and thymosin alpha 1: a prospective, randomized, controlled pilot study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2009 Aug;122(8):883–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su L, Meng F, Tang Y, et al. Clinical effects of ulinastatin and thymosin alpha1 on immune-modulation in septic patients. Chin Crit Care Med. 2009 Mar;21(3):147–150.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Chen H, Li Y-M, et al. Thymosin alpha(1)- and ulinastatin-based immunomodulatory strategy for sepsis arising from intra-abdominal infection due to carbapenem-resistant bacteria. J Infect Dis. 2008 Sep;198(5):723–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang F, Fang B, Qiang X, et al. The efficacy and immunomodulatory effects of ulinastatin and thymosin alpha1 for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016(2):1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Chen H, Li X, et al. A new immunomodulatory therapy for severe sepsis: ulinastatin plus thymosin alpha 1. J Intensive Care Med. 2009 Jan-Feb;24(1):47–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang SW, Chen J, Ouyang B, et al. Immunotherapy improves immune homeostasis and increases survival rate of septic patients. Chin J Traumatol. 2009 Dec;12(6):344–349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shao R, Fang Y, Yu H, et al. Monocyte programmed death ligand-1 expression after 3-4 days of sepsis is associated with risk stratification and mortality in septic patients: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2016 May;20(1):124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landelle C, Lepape A, Voirin N, et al. Low monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR is independently associated with nosocomial infections after septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2010 Nov;36(11):1859–1866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monneret G, Lepape A, Voirin N, et al. Persisting low monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression predicts mortality in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2006 Aug;32(8):1175–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall MW, Knatz NL, Vetterly C, et al. Immunoparalysis and nosocomial infection in children with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2011 Mar;37(3):525–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin S, Perez A, Aldecoa C. Sepsis and immunosenescence in the elderly patient: a review. Front Med. 2017 Feb;4:20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar