215
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

We have reached single-visit testing, diagnosis, and treatment for hepatitis C infection, now what?

ORCID Icon, , , , , & show all
Pages 177-191 | Received 17 Jun 2023, Accepted 05 Dec 2023, Published online: 04 Jan 2024

References

  • WHO. Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016-2021. WHO. Geneva: WHO; 2017.
  • Alavi M, Law MG, Valerio H, et al. Declining hepatitis C virus-related liver disease burden in the direct-acting antiviral therapy era in New South Wales, Australia. J Hepatol. 2019;71(2):281–288. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.04.014
  • McDonald SA, Pollock KG, Barclay ST, et al. Real-world impact following initiation of interferon-free hepatitis C regimens on liver-related outcomes and all-cause mortality among patients with compensated cirrhosis. J Viral Hepat. 2020;27(3):270–280. doi: 10.1111/jvh.13232
  • Polaris Observatory HCVC. Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(5):396–415. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00472-6
  • Scott N, Sacks-Davis R, Wade AJ, et al. Australia needs to increase testing to achieve hepatitis C elimination. Med J Aust. 2020;212(8):365–370. doi: 10.5694/mja2.50544
  • Cunningham EB, Wheeler A, Hajarizadeh B, et al. Interventions to enhance testing, linkage to care, and treatment initiation for hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(5):426–445. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00471-4
  • Cunningham EB, Wheeler A, Hajarizadeh B, et al. Interventions to enhance testing and linkage to treatment for hepatitis C infection for people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Drug Policy. 2023;111:103917. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103917
  • Trickey A, Fajardo E, Alemu D, et al. Impact of hepatitis C virus point-of-care RNA viral load testing compared with laboratory-based testing on uptake of RNA testing and treatment, and turnaround times: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8(3):253–270. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00346-6
  • WHO. Updated recommendations on HIV prevention, infant diagnosis, antiretroviral initiation and monitoring. WHO. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.
  • Catlett B, Hajarizadeh B, Cunningham E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of assays using point-of-care testing or dried blood spot samples for the determination of hepatitis C virus RNA: a systematic review. J Infect Dis. 2022;226(6):1005–1021. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiac049
  • Grebely J, Applegate TL, Cunningham P, et al. Hepatitis C point-of-care diagnostics: in search of a single visit diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2017;17(12):1109–1115. doi:10.1080/14737159.2017.1400385
  • Pant Pai N, Balram B, Shivkumar S, et al. Head-to-head comparison of accuracy of a rapid point-of-care HIV test with oral versus whole-blood specimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(5):373–380. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70368-1
  • Drain PK, Hyle EP, Noubary F, et al. Diagnostic point-of-care tests in resource-limited settings. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(3):239–249. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70250-0
  • Gliddon HD, Peeling RW, Kamb ML, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating the performance and operational characteristics of dual point-of-care tests for HIV and syphilis. Sex Transm Infect. 2017; sextrans-2016-053069. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2016-053069
  • Chevaliez S. Strategies for the improvement of HCV testing and diagnosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019;17(5):341–347. doi:10.1080/14787210.2019.1604221
  • Khuroo MS, Khuroo NS, Khuroo MS. Accuracy of rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests for hepatitis B surface antigen-A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2014;4(3):226–240. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2014.07.008
  • Drobniewski F, Cooke M, Jordan J, et al. Systematic review, meta-analysis and economic modelling of molecular diagnostic tests for antibiotic resistance in tuberculosis. Health Technol Assess. 2015;19(34):1-188, vii–viii. doi: 10.3310/hta19340
  • Causer LM, Hengel B, Natoli L, et al. A field evaluation of a new molecular-based point-of-care test for chlamydia and gonorrhoea in remote Aboriginal health services in Australia. Sex Health. 2015;12(1):27–33. doi: 10.1071/SH14158
  • Natoli L, Maher L, Shephard M, et al. Point-of-care testing for chlamydia and gonorrhoea: implications for clinical practice. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e100518. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100518
  • Hislop J, Quayyum Z, Flett G, et al. Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of rapid point-of-care tests for the detection of genital chlamydia infection in women and men. Health Technol Assess. 2010;14(29):1-97, iii–iv. doi:10.3310/hta14290
  • Causer LM, Kaldor JM, Conway DP, et al. An evaluation of a novel dual treponemal/nontreponemal point-of-care test for syphilis as a tool to distinguish active from past treated infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(2):184–191. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ243
  • Watchirs Smith LA, Hillman R, Ward J, et al. Point-of-care tests for the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: a systematic review of operational and performance characteristics. Sex Transm Infect. 2013;89(4):320–326. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2012-050656
  • Dinnes J, Sharma P, Berhane S, et al. Rapid, point-of-care antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;7(7):CD013705. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3
  • Yehia BR, Schranz AJ, Umscheid CA, et al. 3rd. The treatment cascade for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e101554. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101554
  • Patel RC, Vellozzi C, Smith BD. Results of hepatitis C birth-cohort testing and linkage to care in selected U.S. Sites, 2012-2014. Public Health Rep. 2016;131(Suppl 2):12–19. doi:10.1177/00333549161310S203
  • Mera J, Vellozzi C, Hariri S, et al. Identification and clinical management of persons with chronic hepatitis C virus infection - Cherokee Nation, 2012-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(18):461–466. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6518a2
  • Snow K, Scott N, Clothier HJ, et al. Limited provision of diagnostic services to Victorians living with hepatitis C antibodies, 2001–2012: a multi-level modelling analysis. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2016;41(2):193–198. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12560
  • Janjua NZ, Kuo M, Yu A, et al. The population level cascade of care for hepatitis C in British Columbia, Canada: the BC hepatitis testers cohort (BC-HTC). EBioMedicine. 2016;12:189–195. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.035
  • Iversen J, Grebely J, Catlett B, et al. Estimating the cascade of hepatitis C testing, care and treatment among people who inject drugs in Australia. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;47:77–85. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.022
  • Cox J, Graves L, Marks E, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours associated with the provision of hepatitis C care by Canadian family physicians. J Viral Hepat. 2011;18(7):e332–340. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01426.x
  • Gupta L, Shah S, Ward JE. Educational and health service needs of Australian general practitioners in managing hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(4):694–699. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04205.x
  • Shehab TM, Sonnad SS, Lok AS. Management of hepatitis C patients by primary care physicians in the USA: results of a national survey. J Viral Hepat. 2001;8(5):377–383. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2893.2001.00310.x
  • Marshall AD, Micallef M, Erratt A, et al. Liver disease knowledge and acceptability of non-invasive liver fibrosis assessment among people who inject drugs in the drug and alcohol setting: the LiveRLife study. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(10):984–991. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.07.002
  • Treloar C, Hull P, Dore GJ, et al. Knowledge and barriers associated with assessment and treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2012;31(7):918–924. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00468.x
  • Bajis S, Maher L, Treloar C, et al. Acceptability and preferences of point-of-care finger-stick whole-blood and venepuncture hepatitis C virus testing among people who inject drugs in Australia. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;61:23–30. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.08.011
  • McCutcheon JM, Morrison MA. Injecting on the island: a qualitative exploration of the service needs of persons who inject drugs in Prince Edward island, Canada. Harm Reduct J. 2014;11(1):10. doi: 10.1186/1477-7517-11-10
  • McKnight C, Shumway M, Masson CL, et al. Perceived discrimination among racial and ethnic minority drug users and the association with health care utilization. J Ethn Subst Abuse. 2017;16(4):1–16. doi: 10.1080/15332640.2017.1292418
  • Heath AJ, Kerr T, Ti L, et al. Healthcare avoidance by people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand. J Public Health. 2016;38(3):e301–e308. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdv143
  • Calabrese SK, Burke SE, Dovidio JF, et al. Internalized HIV and Drug stigmas: Interacting Forces threatening health status and health service utilization among people with HIV who inject drugs in st. Petersburg, Russia. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(1):85–97. doi: 10.1007/s10461-015-1100-4
  • Terlikbayeva A, Zhussupov B, Primbetova S, et al. Access to HIV counseling and testing among people who inject drugs in central Asia: strategies for improving access and linkages to treatment and care. Drug And Alcohol Dependence. 2013;132(Suppl 1):S61–64. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.007
  • Guise A, Rhodes T, Ndimbii J, et al. Access to HIV treatment and care for people who inject drugs in Kenya: a short report. AIDS Care. 2016;28(12):1595–1599. doi:10.1080/09540121.2016.1191606
  • Harris M, Rhodes T. Hepatitis C treatment access and uptake for people who inject drugs: a review mapping the role of social factors. Harm Reduct J. 2013;10(1):7. doi: 10.1186/1477-7517-10-7
  • Wilson H, Brener L, Mao L, et al. Perceived discrimination and injecting risk among people who inject drugs attending needle and syringe programmes in Sydney, Australia. Drug Alcohol Dependence. 2014;144:274–278. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.018
  • Grebely J, Dore GJ, Morin S, et al. Elimination of HCV as a public health concern among people who inject drugs by 2030 - what will it take to get there? J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20(1):22146. doi:10.7448/IAS.20.1.22146
  • Sahajian F, Bailly F, Vanhems P, et al. A randomized trial of viral hepatitis prevention among underprivileged people in the Lyon area of France. J Public Health. 2011;33(2):182–192. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdq071
  • Hirsch AA, Lawrence RH, Kern E, et al. Implementation and evaluation of a multicomponent quality improvement intervention to improve efficiency of hepatitis C screening and diagnosis. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2014;40(8):351–357. doi:10.1016/S1553-7250(14)40046-1
  • Shilton S, Markby J, Japaridze M, et al. Feasibility and effectiveness of HCV viraemia testing at harm reduction sites in Georgia: a prospective three-arm study. Liver Int. 2022;42(4):775–786. doi: 10.1111/liv.15191
  • WHO. Updated recommendations on simplified service delivery and diagnostics for hepatitis C infection. WHO. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.
  • Chapko MK, Dufour DR, Hatia RI, et al. Cost-effectiveness of strategies for testing current hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology. 2015;62(5):1396–1404. doi:10.1002/hep.27966
  • Marcellusi A, Mennini FS, Ruf M, et al. Optimizing diagnostic algorithms to advance hepatitis C elimination in Italy: a cost effectiveness evaluation. Liver Int. 2022;42(1):26–37. doi: 10.1111/liv.15070
  • CGHE. Optimizing HCV linkage to care: experiences implementing laboratory-based reflex testing. CGHE. Atlanta (US): Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination; 2022.
  • Chevaliez S, Poiteau L, Rosa I, et al. Prospective assessment of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus, a tool for improving access to care. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(5):459 e451–456. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.01.009
  • Soulier A, Poiteau L, Rosa I, et al. Dried blood spots: a tool to ensure broad access to hepatitis C screening, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring. J Infect Dis. 2016;213(7):1087–1095. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv423
  • Coats JT, Dillon JF. The effect of introducing point-of-care or dried blood spot analysis on the uptake of hepatitis C virus testing in high-risk populations: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(11):1050–1055. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.05.001
  • Greenman J, Roberts T, Cohn J, et al. Dried blood spot in the genotyping, quantification and storage of HCV RNA: a systematic literature review. J Viral Hepat. 2015;22(4):353–361. doi:10.1111/jvh.12345
  • Conway A, Stevens A, Murray C, et al. Treatment Uptake Following Dried Blood Spot Testing for Hepatitis C RNA in New South Wales, Australia: The NSW DBS Pilot Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023 Oct 20;10(11):ofad517. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofad517. eCollection 2023 Nov
  • McLeod A, Weir A, Aitken C, et al. Rise in testing and diagnosis associated with Scotland’s action plan on hepatitis C and introduction of dried blood spot testing. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68(12):1182–1188. doi: 10.1136/jech-2014-204451
  • World Health Organization. Updated recommendations on HCV simplified service delivery and HCV diagnostics: policy brief. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.
  • Yousafzai MT, Alavi M, Valerio H, et al. Timely hepatitis C RNA testing and treatment in the Era of direct-acting antiviral therapy among people with hepatitis C in New South Wales, Australia. Viruses. 2022;14(7):1496. doi: 10.3390/v14071496
  • Nyein PP, Tillakeratne S, Phyu S, et al. Evaluation of simplified HCV diagnostics in HIV/HCV co-infected patients in Myanmar. Viruses. 2023;15(2):521. doi: 10.3390/v15020521
  • Grebely J, Lamoury FMJ, Hajarizadeh B, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert HCV Viral load point-of-care assay from venepuncture-collected and finger-stick capillary whole-blood samples: a cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2(7):514–520. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(17)30075-4
  • Lamoury FMJ, Bajis S, Hajarizadeh B, et al. Evaluation of the xpert HCV Viral load finger-stick point-of-care assay. J Infect Dis. 2018;217(12):1889–1896. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiy114
  • Grebely J, Gilliver R, McNaughton T, et al. Single-visit hepatitis C point-of-care testing, linkage to nursing care, and peer-supported treatment among people with recent injecting drug use at a peer-led needle and syringe program: the TEMPO pilot study. Int J Drug Policy. 2023;114:103982. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103982
  • Valerio H, Alavi M, Silk D, et al. Progress towards elimination of hepatitis C infection among people who inject drugs in Australia: the ETHOS engage study. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(1):e69–e78. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa571
  • O’Loan J, Young M, Mooney M, et al. Same day delivery! HCV point of care testing in South East Queensland mar-ginalised communities simplifies diagnosis and ensures rapid access to treatment. In: International Conference on Hepatitis Care in Substance Users. 2021.
  • Macisaac MB, Whitton B, Anderson J, et al. Rapid point of care HCV testing allows high throughout HCV screening and rapid treatment uptake among PWID attending a medically supervised injecting room. In: International Conference on Hepatitis Care in Substance Users. 2021.
  • Ralton L, McCartney EM, Ferguson C, et al. Prompt-point of care testing for hepatitis C in the priority settings of mental health, prisons and drug & alcohol facilities. In: International Conference on Hepatitis Care in Substance Users.2021.
  • Draper BL, Htay H, Pedrana A, et al. Outcomes of the CT2 study: a ‘one-stop-shop’ for community-based hepatitis C testing and treatment in Yangon, Myanmar. Liver Int. 2021;41(11):2578–2589. doi: 10.1111/liv.14983
  • Howell J, Traeger MW, Williams B, et al. The impact of point-of-care hepatitis C testing in needle and syringe exchange programs on linkage to care and treatment uptake among people who inject drugs: an Australian pilot study. J Viral Hepat. 2022;29(5):375–384. doi: 10.1111/jvh.13664
  • Lettner B, Mason K, Greenwald ZR, et al. Rapid hepatitis C virus point-of-care RNA testing and treatment at an integrated supervised consumption service in Toronto, Canada: a prospective, observational cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2023 May17;22:100490. doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100490
  • Hassan MRA, Chan HK, Nordin M, et al. Assessing feasibility of a modified same-day test-and-treat model for hepatitis C among rural people who inject drugs. Harm Reduct J. 2023;20(1):48. doi: 10.1186/s12954-023-00780-3
  • Mohamed Z, Al-Kurdi D, Nelson M, et al. Time matters: point of care screening and streamlined linkage to care dramatically improves hepatitis C treatment uptake in prisoners in England. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;75:102608. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.102608
  • Davies LH, Matthews B, Plant G, et al. Elimination of hepatitis C in a remand prison using a rapid point of care driven test and treat pathway. J Hepatol. 2020;73(S352):S352. doi: 10.1016/S0168-8278(20)31201-0
  • Shiha G, Soliman R, Serwah A, et al. A same day ‘test and treat’ model for chronic HCV and HBV infection: results from two community-based pilot studies in Egypt. J Viral Hepat. 2020;27(6):593–601. doi:10.1111/jvh.13268
  • Lafferty L, Cochrane A, Sheehan Y, et al. “That was quick, simple, and easy”: patient perceptions of acceptability of point-of-care hepatitis C RNA testing at a reception prison. Int J Drug Policy. 2022;99:103456. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103456
  • Lafferty L, Sheehan Y, Cochrane A, et al. Reducing barriers to the hepatitis C care cascade in prison via point-of-care RNA testing: a qualitative exploration of men in prison using an integrated framework. Addiction. 2023;118(6):1153–1160. doi: 10.1111/add.16137
  • Sheehan Y, Cunningham EB, Cochrane A, et al. A ‘one-stop-shop’ point-of-care hepatitis C RNA testing intervention to enhance treatment uptake in a reception prison: the PIVOT study. J Hepatol. 2023;79(3):635–644. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.019
  • Shih STF, Cheng Q, Carson J, et al. Optimizing point-of-care testing strategies for diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in Australia: a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2023;36:100750. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100750
  • Vanderhoff A, Smookler D, Biondi MJ, et al. Leveraging COVID-19 vaccination to promote hepatitis C screening. Hepatol Commun. 2023;7(1):e2101. doi: 10.1002/hep4.2101
  • Guy RJ, Ward J, Causer LM, et al. Molecular point-of-care testing for chlamydia and gonorrhoea in Indigenous Australians attending remote primary health services (TTANGO): a cluster-randomised, controlled, crossover trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(10):1117–1126. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30429-8
  • Hengel B, Causer L, Matthews S, et al. A decentralised point-of-care testing model to address inequities in the COVID-19 response. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(7):e183–e190. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30859-8
  • Shephard M, ed. A practical guide to global point-of-care testing. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing; 2016. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/7500#details
  • Grebely J, Markus C, Causer LM, et al. A national programme to scale-up decentralised hepatitis C point-of-care testing and treatment in Australia. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8(3):204–207. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00355-7
  • Saha A, Andrewartha K, Badman S, et al. A flexible and innovative connectivity solution to support national decentralised infectious diseases point-of-care testing programs in primary health services in Australia. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e46701. doi: 10.2196/46701
  • Grebely J, Markus C, Causer LM, et al. A national program to scale-up decentralized HCV point-of-care testing and treatment in Australia. In: Global hepatitis summit. Paris; 2023. p. 25–28.
  • Matthews SJ, Spaeth B, Duckworth L, et al. Sustained quality and service delivery in an expanding point-of-care testing network in remote Australian primary health care. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2020;144(11):1381–1391. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0107-OA
  • Shephard M, Shephard A, Matthews S, et al. The benefits and challenges of point-of-care testing in rural and remote primary care settings in Australia. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2020;144(11):1372–1380. doi:10.5858/arpa.2020-0105-RA
  • Australian Government Department of Health. Requirements for point-of-care testing. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Department of Health; 2021.
  • Land KJ, Boeras DI, Chen XS, et al. REASSURED diagnostics to inform disease control strategies, strengthen health systems and improve patient outcomes. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4(1):46–54. doi:10.1038/s41564-018-0295-3
  • Alreja G, Setia N, Nichols J, et al. Reducing patient identification errors related to glucose point-of-care testing. J Pathol Inform. 2011;2(1):22. doi: 10.4103/2153-3539.80718
  • Fung AWS. Utilizing connectivity and data management system for effective quality management and regulatory compliance in point of care testing. Pract Lab Med. 2020;22:e00187. doi:10.1016/j.plabm.2020.e00187
  • Dyer K, Nichols JH, Taylor M, et al. Development of a universal connectivity and data management system. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2001;24(1):25–38. quiz 22 p following 75. doi: 10.1097/00002727-200105000-00006
  • Group MDC. Guidance on classification Rules for in vitro diagnostic medical devices under Regulation (EU) 2017/746 (MDCG 2020-16 rev.2). Brussels, Belgium: Group MDC; 2023. https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-02/md_mdcg_2020_guidance_classification_ivd-md_en.pdf
  • Falade-Nwulia O, Suarez-Cuervo C, Nelson DR, et al. Oral direct-acting agent therapy for hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(9):637–648. doi:10.7326/M16-2575
  • FDA. Microbiology Devices; Reclassification of Nucleic Acid-Based Hepatitis C Virus Ribonucleic Acid Assay Devices, Renamed to Nucleic Acid-Based Hepatitis C Virus Ribonucleic Acid Tests. FDA; 2021.
  • FDA. Microbiology devices; reclassification of certain hepatitis C virus antibody assay devices, renamed to hepatitis C virus antibody tests. FDA; 2021.
  • Freiman JM, Wang J, Easterbrook PJ, et al. Deriving the optimal limit of detection for an HCV point-of-care test for viraemic infection: analysis of a global dataset. J Hepatol. 2019;71(1):62–70. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.02.011
  • Grebely J, Catlett B, Jayasinghe I, et al. Time to detection of hepatitis C virus infection with the xpert HCV Viral load fingerstick point-of-care assay: facilitating a more rapid time to diagnosis. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(12):2043–2049. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa037
  • Yadav SK, Verma D, Yadav U, et al. Point-of-care devices for Viral detection: COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Micromachines (Basel). 2023;14(9):1744. doi: 10.3390/mi14091744
  • Samarasekera U. Diagnostics get global recognition. Lancet. 2023;401(10390):1758. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01044-9

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.