What impact can brain stimulation interventions have on borderline personality disorder?

References

• Leichsenring F, Heim N, Leweke F, et al. Borderline personality disorder: a review. JAMA. 2023;329(8):670–679. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.0589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson JG, Herpertz SC, Skodol AE, et al. Borderline personality disorder. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2018;4(1):18029. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomko RL, Trull TJ, Wood PK, et al. Characteristics of borderline personality disorder in a community sample: comorbidity, treatment utilization, and general functioning. J Pers Disord. 2014;28:734–750. doi: 10.1521/pedi_2012_26_093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Videler AC, Hutsebaut J, Schulkens JEM, et al. A life span perspective on borderline personality disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(7):51. doi: 10.1007/s11920-019-1040-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris J. Suicidality in borderline personality disorder. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55(6):55. doi: 10.3390/medicina55060223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenzenweger MF, Lane MC, Loranger AW, et al. DSM-IV personality disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(6):553–564. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause-Utz A, Elzinga B. Current understanding of the neural mechanisms of dissociation in borderline personality disorder. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 2018;5(1):113–123. doi: 10.1007/s40473-018-0146-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oud M, Arntz A, Hermens M, et al. Specialized psychotherapies for adults with borderline personality disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018;52(10):949–961. doi: 10.1177/0004867418791257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoffers-Winterling JM, Storebø OJ, Kongerslev MT, et al. Psychotherapies for borderline personality disorder: a focused systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2022;221(3):538–552. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2021.204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storebø OJ, Stoffers-Winterling JM, Völlm BA, et al. Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;5:CD012955. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012955.pub2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cristea IA, Gentili C, Cotet CD, et al. Efficacy of psychotherapies for borderline personality disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(4):319–328. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.4287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Personality disorders: borderline and antisocial—quality standard. 2015 Jun 11 [cited 2022 Dec 25]. Available from: http://nice.org.uk/guidance/qs88
   Google Scholar
• Stoffers-Winterling JM, Storebø OJ, Pereira Ribeiro J, et al. Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;11:CD012956. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012956.pub2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hyde J, Carr H, Kelley N, et al. Efficacy of neurostimulation across mental disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of 208 randomized controlled trials. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(6):2709–2719. doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01524-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehinejad MA, Wischnewski M, Nejati V, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits. Plos One. 2019;14(4):e0215095. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brauer H, Breitling-Ziegler C, Moliadze V, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of clinical efficacy outcomes. Prog Brain Res. 2021;264:91–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekhtiari H, Tavakoli H, Addolorato G, et al. Transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation (tES and TMS) for addiction medicine: a consensus paper on the present state of the science and the road ahead. Neurosci Biobehav Rev [Internet]. 2019;104:118–140. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupi M, Martinotti G, Santacroce R, et al. Transcranial direct Current stimulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review of scientific literature. J ECT. 2017;33(3):203–209. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V MR, Giacobbe P, Kennedy SH, et al. Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) 2016 clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: section 4. Neurostimulation Treatments Can J Psychiatry. 2016;61:561–575. doi: 10.1177/0706743716660033
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fregni F, El-Hagrassy MM, Pacheco-Barrios K, et al. Evidence-based guidelines and secondary meta-analysis for the use of transcranial direct Current stimulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021;24(4):256–313. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisoni J, Barlati S, Deste G, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of brain stimulation interventions in borderline personality disorder: state of the art and future perspectives – a systematic review. Prog Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2022;116:110537. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027858462200029X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiappini S, Picutti E, Alessi MC, et al. Efficacy of noninvasive brain stimulation on borderline personality disorder core symptoms: a systematic review. J Pers Disord. 2022;36:505–526. doi: 10.1521/pedi.2022.36.5.505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstantinou GN, Trevizol AP, Downar J, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with borderline personality disorder: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2021;304:114145. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165178121004418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou M, Broadbear JH, Rao S. Exploring the utility of neurostimulation therapies in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a systematic literature review. J ECT. 2023;39(3):151–157. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vita A, De Peri L, Antipsychotics SE, et al. Anticonvulsants, and placebo on the symptom dimensions of borderline personality disorder a meta-analysis of randomized controlled and open-label trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31:613–624. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31822c1636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbabi M, Hafizi S, Ansari S, et al. High frequency TMS for the management of borderline personality disorder: a case report. Asian J Psychiatr. 2013;6(6):614–617. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2013.05.006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cailhol L, Roussignol B, Klein R, et al. Borderline personality disorder and rTMS: a pilot trial. Psychiatry Res. 2014;216(1):155–157. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes-López J, Ricardo-Garcell J, Armas-Castañeda G, et al. Clinical improvement in patients with borderline personality disorder after treatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: preliminary results. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2018;40:97–104. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2016-2112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderón-Moctezuma AR, V R-LJ, Rodríguez-Valdés R, et al. Improvement in borderline personality disorder symptomatology after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex: preliminary results. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2020;43:65–69. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0591
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sverak T, Linhartova P, Gajdos M, et al. Brain connectivity and symptom changes after transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with borderline personality disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:770353. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.770353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feffer K, Lee HH, Wu W, et al. Dorsomedial prefrontal rTMS for depression in borderline personality disorder: a pilot randomized crossover trial. J Affect Disord. 2021;301:273–280. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinsberg C, Schecklmann M, Abdelnaim MA, et al. Treatment of depression and borderline personality disorder with 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the orbitofrontal cortex – a pilot study. The World J Biol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2023;24:595–602. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2023.2186484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sverak T, Linhartová P, Fiala A, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treating impulsivity in borderline personality disorder and attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Traynor JM, Ruocco AC, McMain SF, et al. A feasibility trial of conjoint magnetic seizure therapy and dialectical behavior therapy for suicidal patients with borderline personality disorder and treatment-resistant depression. Nat Ment Heal [Internet]. 2023;1:45–54. doi: 10.1038/s44220-022-00003-x
   Google Scholar
• Zanarini MC, Vujanovic AA, Parachini EA, et al. Zanarini rating scale for borderline personality disorder (ZAN-BPD): a continuous measure of DSM-IV borderline psychopathology. J Pers Disord. 2003;17:233–242. doi: 10.1521/pedi.17.3.233.22147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• di Giacomo E, Arntz A, Fotiadou M, et al. The Italian version of the borderline personality disorder severity index IV: psychometric properties, clinical usefulness, and possible diagnostic implications. J Pers Disord. 2018;32:207–219. doi: 10.1521/pedi_2017_31_294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyders MA, Coskunpinar A. Measurement of constructs using self-report and behavioral lab tasks: is there overlap in nomothetic span and construct representation for impulsivity? Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(6):965–982. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford M, Mathias C, Dougherty D, et al. Fifty years of the Barratt impulsiveness scale: an update and review. Pers Individ Dif. 2009;47(5):385–395. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gundogmus I, Örnek B, Altınyay N. The impact of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) treatment on borderline personality disorder symptoms: a case report. Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2018;8:1. doi: 10.5455/PBS.20180702035133
   Google Scholar
• Feffer K, Peters SK, Bhui K, et al. Successful dorsomedial prefrontal rTMS for major depression in borderline personality disorder: three cases. Brain Stimul. 2017;10(3):716–717. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisoni J, Miotto P, Barlati S, et al. Change in core symptoms of borderline personality disorder by tDCS: a pilot study. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020;291:113261. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soloff PH, Abraham K, Burgess A, et al. Impulsivity and aggression mediate regional brain responses in borderline personality disorder: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2017;260:76–85. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sala M, Caverzasi E, Lazzaretti M, et al. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus sustain impulsivity and aggressiveness in borderline personality disorder. J Affect Disord. 2011;131(1–3):417–421. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soloff PH, Meltzer CC, Greer PJ, et al. A fenfluramine-activated FDG-PET study of borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47(6):540–547. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00202-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmahl CG, Vermetten E, Elzinga BM, et al. A positron emission tomography study of memories of childhood abuse in borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2004;55:759–765. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams LM, Sidis A, Gordon E, et al. “Missing links” in borderline personality disorder: loss of neural synchrony relates to lack of emotion regulation and impulse control. J Psychiatry Neurosci [Internet]. 2006;31:181–188. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16699604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruocco AC, Medaglia JD, Ayaz H, et al. Abnormal prefrontal cortical response during affective processing in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2010;182:117–122. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd PH, Ruff RM. Neuropsychological dysfunction in borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord [Internet]. 1993;7:275–284. doi: 10.1521/pedi.1993.7.4.275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinn WM, Harris CL, Aycicegi A, et al. Neurocognitive function in borderline personality disorder. Prog Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2004;28:329–341. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584603002628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederhofer H. Left-handedness in a sample of nine patients with borderline personality disorder. Percept Mot Skills. 2004;99(3):849–852. doi: 10.2466/pms.99.3.849-852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meares R, Stevenson J, Gordon E. A Jacksonian and biopsychosocial hypothesis concerning borderline and related phenomena. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1999;33(6):831–840. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00637.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein DJ, Hollander E, Cohen L, et al. Neuropsychiatric impairment in impulsive personality disorders. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 1993;48(3):257–266. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016517819390076S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnow S, Völker KA, Möller B, et al. Neurophysiological correlates of borderline personality disorder: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(4):313–318. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meares R, Schore A, Melkonian D. Is borderline personality a particularly right hemispheric disorder? A study of P3a using single trial analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45(2):131–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C-C, Mauer L, Völlm B, et al. The Effects of Non-invasive brain stimulation on impulsivity in people with mental disorders: a systematic review and explanatory meta-analysis. Neuropsychol rev. 2020;30(4):499–520. doi: 10.1007/s11065-020-09456-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teti Mayer J, Chopard G, Nicolier M, et al. Can transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improve impulsivity in healthy and psychiatric adult populations? A systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2020;98:109814. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brevet-Aeby C, Brunelin J, Iceta S, et al. Prefrontal cortex and impulsivity: interest of noninvasive brain stimulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:112–134. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolls ET, Cheng W, Feng J. The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression. Brain Commun. 2020;2:fcaa196. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silbersweig D, Clarkin JF, Goldstein M, et al. Failure of frontolimbic inhibitory function in the context of negative emotion in borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(12):1832–1841. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06010126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Dougherty DM, et al. Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(11):1783–1793. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner D, Sebastian A, Tüscher O. Impulsivity and cluster B personality disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19(3):15. doi: 10.1007/s11920-017-0768-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside SP, Lynam DR. The five factor model and impulsivity: using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Pers Individ Dif [Internet]. 2001;30(4):669–689. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886900000647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Um M, Hershberger AR, Whitt ZT, et al. Recommendations for applying a multi-dimensional model of impulsive personality to diagnosis and treatment. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregulation. 2018;5:6. doi: 10.1186/s40479-018-0084-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae RR, Costa PT Jr. Personality in adulthood. Guilford Press; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Lynam DR, Miller JD, Miller DJ, et al. Testing the relations between impulsivity-related traits, suicidality, and nonsuicidal self-injury: a test of the incremental validity of the UPPS model. Personal Disord. 2011;2:151–160. doi: 10.1037/a0019978
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berg JM, Latzman RD, Bliwise NG, et al. Parsing the heterogeneity of impulsivity: a meta-analytic review of the behavioral implications of the UPPS for psychopathology. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(4):1129–1146. doi: 10.1037/pas0000111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossati A, Gratz KL, Maffei C, et al. Impulsivity dimensions, emotion dysregulation, and borderline personality disorder features among Italian nonclinical adolescents. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregulation. 2014;1:5. doi: 10.1186/2051-6673-1-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bøen E, Hummelen B, Elvsåshagen T, et al. Different impulsivity profiles in borderline personality disorder and bipolar II disorder. J Affect Disord. 2015;170:104–111. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruocco AC. The neuropsychology of borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis and review. Psychiatry Res. 2005;137(3):191–202. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koudys JW, Ruocco AC. Executive functioning in adults with borderline personality disorder and first-degree biological relatives. World J Biol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2022;23:387–400. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2021.2012396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClure G, Hawes DJ, Dadds MR. Borderline personality disorder and neuropsychological measures of executive function: a systematic review. Personal Ment Health. 2016;10:43–57. doi: 10.1002/pmh.1320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon J. Defining borderline personality disorder impulsivity: review of neuropsychological data and challenges that face researchers. J Psychiatry Psychiatr Disord. 2017;1:154–176.
   Google Scholar
• Domes G, Winter B, Schnell K, et al. The influence of emotions on inhibitory functioning in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med. 2006;36(8):1163–1172. doi: 10.1017/S0033291706007756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeGris J, Toplak M, Links P. Affective decision making in women with borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord. 2013;28:698–719. doi: 10.1521/pedi_2014_28_140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozzatello P, Blua C, Brasso C, et al. The role of cognitive deficits in borderline personality disorder with early traumas: a mediation analysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12(3):787. doi: 10.3390/jcm12030787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan B, Yazici Gulec M, Gica S, et al. The association between neurocognitive functioning and clinical features of borderline personality disorder. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2020;42(5):503–509. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0752
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molavi P, Aziziaram S, Basharpoor S, et al. Repeated transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex improves executive functions, cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation, and control over emotional processing in borderline personality disorder: a randomized, sham-control. J Affect Disord [Internet]. 2020;274:93–102. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032720310260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastian A, Jacob G, Lieb K, et al. Impulsivity in borderline personality disorder: a matter of disturbed impulse control or a facet of emotional dysregulation? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15(2):339. doi: 10.1007/s11920-012-0339-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze L, Grove M, Tamm S, et al. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the cognitive control of negative stimuli in borderline personality disorder. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):332. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37315-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolkenstein L, Rombold-Bruehl F, Bingmann T, et al. Challenging control over emotions in borderline personality disorder-a tDCS study . Neuropsychologia [Internet]. 2021;107850:107850. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028393221001019
   Google Scholar
• De Vidovich GZ, Muffatti R, Monaco J, et al. Repetitive TMS on left cerebellum affects impulsivity in borderline personality disorder: a pilot study. Front Hum Neurosci. 2016;10:582. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roepke S, Vater A, Preißler S, et al. Social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Front Neurosci. 2012;6:195. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fertuck EA, Fischer S, Beeney J. Social cognition and borderline personality disorder: splitting and trust impairment findings. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2018;41(4):613–632. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2018.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallucci A, Lisco A, Fabietti C, et al. The regulation of emotions associated with social exclusion: modulating effects of tDCS on patients with borderline personality disorder. Brain Stimul Basic Transl Clin Res Neuromodulation [Internet]. 2023;16:325–326. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.607
   Google Scholar
• Black DW, Blum N, Pfohl B, et al. Suicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder: prevalence, risk factors, prediction, and prevention. J Pers Disord. 2004;18:226–239. doi: 10.1521/pedi.18.3.226.35445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichl C, Kaess M. Self-harm in the context of borderline personality disorder. Curr Opin Psychol. 2021;37:139–144. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Communications. Division of drug information, center for drug evaluation and research guidance for industry: suicidal ideation and behavior: prospective assessment of occurrence in clinical trials (Food and drug Administration, 2012). Available from: https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/guidance-industry-suicidal-ideation-and-behavior-prospectiveassessment-occurrence-clinical-trials
   Google Scholar
• Tate AE, Sahlin H, Liu S, et al. Borderline personality disorder: associations with psychiatric disorders, somatic illnesses, trauma, and adverse behaviors. Mol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2022;27:2514–2521. doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01503-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari C, Lega C, Vernice M, et al. The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex plays a causal role in integrating social impressions from faces and verbal descriptions. Cereb Cortex [Internet]. 2016;26:156–165. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhu186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho SS, Koshimori Y, Aminian K, et al. Investing in the future: stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex reduces discounting of delayed rewards. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;40(3):546–553. doi: 10.1038/npp.2014.211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kühn S, Gallinat J, Brass M, et al. “Keep calm and carry on”: structural correlates of expressive suppression of emotions. Plos One [Internet]. 2011;6:e16569. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daros AR, Williams GE. A meta-analysis and systematic review of emotion-regulation strategies in borderline personality disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2019;27(4):217–232. doi: 10.1097/HRP.0000000000000212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Li X, Liu X, et al. The effect of non-invasive brain stimulation on the downregulation of negative emotions: a meta-analysis. Brain Sci. 2022;12:786. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12060786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross ED. Differential hemispheric lateralization of emotions and related display behaviors: Emotion-Type Hypothesis. Brain Sci. 2021;11:11. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11081034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner L, Perroud N, Weibel S. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder in adults: a review of their links and risks. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:3115–3129. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S192871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valsecchi P, Nibbio G, Rosa J, et al. Adult ADHD: prevalence and clinical correlates in a sample of Italian psychiatric outpatients. J Atten Disord. 2021;25(4):530–539. doi: 10.1177/1087054718819824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trull TJ, Freeman LK, Vebares TJ, et al. Borderline personality disorder and substance use disorders: an updated review. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregulation [Internet]. 2018;5:15. Available from: https://bpded.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40479-018-0093-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane SP, Carpenter RW, Sher KJ, et al. Alcohol craving and consumption in borderline personality disorder: when, where, and with whom. Clin Psychol Sci a J Assoc Psychol Sci. 2016;4:775–792. doi: 10.1177/2167702615616132
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linehan MM. Dialectical behavior therapy for treatment of borderline personality disorder: implications for the treatment of substance abuse. NIDA Res Monogr. 1993;137:201–216.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winsper C. The aetiology of borderline personality disorder (BPD): contemporary theories and putative mechanisms. Curr Opin Psychol. 2018;21:105–110. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagura J, Stein MB, Bolton JM, et al. Comorbidity of borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in the U.S. population. J Psychiatr Res [Internet]. 2010;44(16):1190–1198. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395610001263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kan RLD, Zhang BBB, Zhang JJQ, et al. Non-invasive brain stimulation for posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10(1):168. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-0851-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatti E, Phillips AL, Paciorek R, et al. Boosting psychological change: combining non-invasive brain stimulation with psychotherapy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev [Internet]. 2022;142:104867. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763422003566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajbouj M, Padberg F. A perfect match: noninvasive brain stimulation and psychotherapy. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;264 Suppl:S27–33. doi: 10.1007/s00406-014-0540-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisoni J, Vita A. New grounds for magnetic seizure therapy. Nat Ment Heal [Internet]. 2023;1:10–11. doi: 10.1038/s44220-022-00005-9
   Google Scholar
• McCall WV, House A, Rosenquist PB. Reflections: psychological risks with borderline personality disorder in electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT. 2023;39(4):210–212. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feske U, Mulsant BH, Pilkonis PA, et al. Clinical outcome of ECT in patients with major depression and comorbid borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:2073–2080. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.2073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolini AP, Sienaert P. Borderline personality disorder and outcome of electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression: a systematic review. J ECT. 2023;39(2):74–80. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hein M, Mungo A, Loas G. Nonremission after electroconvulsive therapy in individuals with major depression: role of borderline personality disorder. J ECT. 2022;38(4):238–243. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen KG. Do patients with personality disorders respond differentially to electroconvulsive therapy? A review of the literature and consideration of conceptual issues. J ECT. 2015;31(1):6–12. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar