Diagnosis of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and strategies for early recognition

References

• Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE commission for classification and terminology. Epilepsia. 2017 Apr;58(4):512–521. doi: 10.1111/epi.13709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirrell EC, Nabbout R, Scheffer IE, et al. Methodology for classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with list of syndromes: report of the ILAE task force on nosology and definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1333–1348. doi: 10.1111/epi.17237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arzimanoglou A, Resnick T. All children who experience epileptic falls do not necessarily have lennox-gastaut syndrome… but many do. Epileptic Disord. 2011 May;13 Suppl 1(S1):S3–13. doi: 10.1684/epd.2011.0422
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asadi-Pooya AA. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a comprehensive review. Neurol Sci. 2018 Mar;39(3):403–414. doi: 10.1007/s10072-017-3188-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camfield P, Camfield C. Long-term prognosis for symptomatic (secondarily) generalized epilepsies: a population-based study. Epilepsia. 2007 Jun;48(6):1128–1132. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01072.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camfield PR. Definition and natural history of lennox-gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia. 2011 Aug;52 Suppl 5(s5):3–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03177.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Resnick T, Sheth RD. Early diagnosis and treatment of lennox-gastaut syndrome. J Child Neurol. 2017 Oct;32(11):947–955. doi: 10.1177/0883073817714394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumanoir A. The Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a personal study. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1982;35:85–99.
   Google Scholar
• Gastaut H, Roger J, Soulayrol R, et al. Childhood epileptic encephalopathy with diffuse slow spike-waves (otherwise known as “petit mal variant”) or lennox syndrome. Epilepsia. 1966 Jun;7(2):139–179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lennox WG, Davis JP. Clinical correlates of the fast and the slow spike-wave electroencephalogram. Pediatrics. 1950 Apr;5(4):626–644. doi: 10.1542/peds.5.4.626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on classification and terminology of the international league against epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1989, Jul;30(4):389–399. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05316.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Specchio N, Wirrell EC, Scheffer IE, et al. International league against epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood: position paper by the ILAE task force on nosology and definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1398–1442. doi: 10.1111/epi.17241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strzelczyk A, Zuberi SM, Striano P, et al. The burden of illness in lennox-gastaut syndrome: a systematic literature review. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2023 Mar 1;18(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s13023-023-02626-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asadi-Pooya AA, Sharifzade M. Lennox-gastaut syndrome in south Iran: electro-clinical manifestations. Seizure. 2012 Dec;21(10):760–763. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2012.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevathan E, Murphy CC, Yeargin-Allsopp M. Prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of lennox-gastaut syndrome among Atlanta children. Epilepsia. 1997 Dec;38(12):1283–1288. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb00065.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiskala H. Community-based study of lennox-gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia. 1997 May;38(5):526–531. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01136.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg AT, Levy SR, Testa FM. Evolution and course of early life developmental encephalopathic epilepsies: focus on lennox-gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia. 2018 Nov;59(11):2096–2105. doi: 10.1111/epi.14569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genton PGR, Dravet C. The lennox-gsataut syndrome. In: M H, editor. Handbook of clinical neurology: the epilepsies. Amsterdam (NL): Elsevier; 2000. p. 211–222.
   Google Scholar
• Arzimanoglou A, French J, Blume WT, et al. Lennox-gastaut syndrome: a consensus approach on diagnosis, assessment, management, and trial methodology. Lancet Neurol. 2009 Jan;8(1):82–93. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70292-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith IL, Zupanc ML, Buchhalter JR. Long-term seizure outcome in 74 patients with lennox-gastaut syndrome: effects of incorporating MRI head imaging in defining the cryptogenic subgroup. Epilepsia. 2000 Apr;41(4):395–399. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00179.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahngir MU, Ahmad MQ, Jahangir M. Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: In a Nutshell. Cureus. 2018 Aug 13;10(8):e3134. doi: 10.7759/cureus.3134
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mastrangelo M. Lennox-gastaut syndrome: a state of the art review. Neuropediatrics. 2017 Jun;48(3):143–151. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1601324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlazzo E, Nikanorova M, Italiano D, et al. Lennox-gastaut syndrome in adulthood: clinical and EEG features. Epilepsy Res. 2010 May;89(2–3):271–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois BF, Douglass LM, Sankar R. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a consensus approach to differential diagnosis. Epilepsia. 2014 Sep;55 Suppl 4(s4):4–9. doi: 10.1111/epi.12567
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oguni H, Hayashi K, Osawa M. Long-term prognosis of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia. 1996;37 Suppl 3(s3):44–47. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb01820.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hughes JR, Patil VK. Long-term electro-clinical changes in the lennox-gastaut syndrome before, during, and after the slow spike-wave pattern. Clin Electroencephalogr. 2002 Jan;33(1):1–7. doi: 10.1177/155005940203300103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riikonen R. Infantile spasms: outcome in clinical studies. Pediatr Neurol. 2020 Jul;108:54–64. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaminska A, Ickowicz A, Plouin P, et al. Delineation of cryptogenic lennox-gastaut syndrome and myoclonic astatic epilepsy using multiple correspondence analysis. Epilepsy Res. 1999 Aug;36(1):15–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oguni H, Tanaka T, Hayashi K, et al. Treatment and long-term prognosis of myoclonic-astatic epilepsy of early childhood. Neuropediatrics. 2002 Jun;33(3):122–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cetica V, Chiari S, Mei D, et al. Clinical and genetic factors predicting dravet syndrome in infants with SCN1A mutations. Neurology. 2017 Mar 14;88(11):1037–1044. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peron A, Catusi I, Recalcati MP, et al. Ring chromosome 20 syndrome: genetics, clinical characteristics, and overlapping phenotypes. Front Neurol. 2020;11:613035. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.613035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donat JF. Topical Review Article: The Age-Dependent Epileptic Encephalopathies. J Child Neurol. 1992 Jan;7(1):7–21. doi: 10.1177/088307389200700102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chevrie JJ, Aicardi J. Childhood epileptic encephalopathy with slow spike-wave. A statistical study of 80 cases. Epilepsia. 1972 Apr;13(2):259–271. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1972.tb05260.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr M, Kluger G, Philip S. Evolution and management of lennox-gastaut syndrome through adolescence and into adulthood: are seizures always the primary issue? Epileptic Disord. 2011 May;13 Suppl 1(S1):S15–26. doi: 10.1684/epd.2011.0409
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spitzer H, Ripart M, Whitaker K, et al. Interpretable surface-based detection of focal cortical dysplasias: a multi-centre epilepsy lesion detection study. Brain. 2022 Nov 21;145(11):3859–3871. doi: 10.1093/brain/awac224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar