Antimicrobial activity, synergism and inhibition of germ tube formation by Crocus sativus-derived compounds against Candida spp.

References

• Bustert J, Schaller M, Korting HC, Evans EG. Current and future approaches to antimycotic treatment in the era of resistant fungi and immunocompromised in hosts. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001;17:81–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Lei L, Tan D, et al. Oropharyngeal Candida colonization in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. APMIS 2013;121:375–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ. Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20:133–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters BM, Palmer GE, Nash AK, et al. Fungal morphogenetic pathways are required for the hallmark inflammatory response during Candida albicans vaginitis. Infect Immun 2014;82:532–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modrzewska B, Kurnatowski P. Adherence of Candida sp. to host tissues and cells as one of its pathogenicity features. Ann Parasitol 2015;61:3–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonçalves SS, Souza AC, Chowdhary A, et al. Epidemiology and molecular mechanisms of antifungal resistance in Candida and Aspergillus. Mycoses 2016;59:198–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz MB, Douglas CM. Lipopeptide inhibitors of fungal glucan synthase. J Med Vet Mycol 1997;35:79–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fekkar A, Dannaoui E, Meyer I, et al. Emergence of echinocandin resistant Candida spp. in a hospital setting: a consequence of 10 years of increasing use of antifungal therapy? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014;33:1489–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enache-Angoulvant A, Girard A, Poirot JL, Hennequin C. In vitro activity of caspofungin and voriconazole against uncommon Candida spp. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;33:595–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlin DS. Resistance to echinocandin-class antifungal drugs. Drug Resist Updat 2007;10:121–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• (a) De Monte C, Carradori S, Bizzarri B, et al. Anti-Candida activity and cytotoxicity of a large library of new N-substituted-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2016;107:82–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  (b) Secci D, Carradori S, Bizzarri B, et al. Novel 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives as promising anti-Candida agents endowed with anti-oxidant and chelating properties. Eur J Med Chem 2016;117:144–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carradori S, Secci D, Bolasco A, et al. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of novel (thiazol-2-yl)hydrazine derivatives as promising anti-Candida agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013;65:102–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secci D, Bizzarri B, Bolasco A, et al. Synthesis, anti-Candida activity, and cytotoxicity of new (4-(4-iodophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)hydrazine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2012;53:246–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chimenti F, Bizzarri B, Maccioni E, et al. Synthesis and in vitro activity of 2-thiazolylhydrazone derivatives compared with the activity of clotrimazole against clinical isolates of Candida spp. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007;17:4635–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chimenti F, Carradori S, Secci D, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel conjugated coumarin-thiazole systems. J Heterocyclic Chem 2009;46:575–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chimenti F, Bizzarri B, Bolasco A, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2,4-disubstituted-1,3-thiazoles as anti-Candida spp. agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011;46:378–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidaro MC, Alcaro S, Secci D, et al. Identification of new anti-Candida compounds by ligand-based pharmacophore virtual screening. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016. [Epub ahead of print]. DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1156103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li RC, Schentag JJ, Nix DE. The fractional maximal effect method: a new way to characterize the effect of antibiotic combinations and other nonlinear pharmacodynamic interactions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:523–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stringaro A, Vavala E, Colone M, et al. Effects of Mentha suaveolens essential oil alone or in combination with other drugs in Candida albicans. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014;2014:125904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vavala E, Passariello C, Ragno R, et al. Antibacterial activity of essential oils mixture against PSANat Prod Res 2016;30:412–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scorzoni L, Sangalli-Leite F, de Lacorte Singulani J, et al. Searching new antifungals: The use of in vitro and in vivo methods for evaluation of natural compounds. J Microbiol Methods 2016;123:68–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdullaev FI. Biological effects of saffron. Biofactors 1993;4:83–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdullaev FI, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. Biomedical properties of saffron and its potential use in cancer therapy and chemoprevention trials. Cancer Detect Prev 2004;28:426–32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• (a) De Monte C, Carradori S, Chimenti P, et al. New insights into the biological properties of Crocus sativus L.: chemical modifications, human monoamine oxidases inhibition and molecular modelling studies. Eur J Med Chem 2014;82:164–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  (b) Carradori S, Secci D, D’Ascenzio M, et al. Microwave and ultrasound-assisted synthesis of thiosemicarbazones and their corresponding (4,5-substituted-thiazol-2-yl)hydrazines. J Heterocyclic Chem 2014;51:1856–61
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  (c) Chimenti F, Secci D, Bolasco A, et al. Synthesis, stereochemical separation, and biological evaluation of selective inhibitors of human MAO-B: 1-(4-arylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-methylcyclohexylidene)hydrazines. J Med Chem 2010;53:6516–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• (a) De Monte C, Bizzarri B, Gidaro MC, et al. Bioactive compounds of Crocus sativus L. and their semi-synthetic derivatives as promising anti-Helicobacter pylori, anti-malarial and anti-leishmanial agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015;30:1027–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  (b) D’Ascenzio M, Bizzarri B, De Monte C, et al. Design, synthesis and biological characterization of thiazolidin-4-one derivatives as promising inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii. Eur J Med Chem 2014;86:17–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Methods for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast. NCCLS Document M27-A3.2008 Villanova, PA, USA, 30th edition
   Google Scholar
• White RL, Burgess DS, Mandruru M, Bosso JA. Comparison of three different in vitro methods of detecting synergy: time-kill, checkerboard, and E test. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:1914–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svetaz LA, Postigo A, Butassi E, et al. Antifungal drugs combinations: a patent review 2000–2015. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016;26:439–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattia E, Carruba G, Angiolella L, Cassone A. Induction of germ tube formation by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in Candida albicans: uptake of inducer and germinative response. J Bacteriol 1982;152:555–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng CJ, Li L, Ma WH, et al. Chemical constituents and bioactivities of the liposoluble fraction from different medicinal parts of Crocus sativus. Pharm Biol 2011;49:756–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauch LM, Silveira-Gomes F, Esteves RA, et al. Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil on germ tube formation by Candida albicans isolated from denture wearers. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014;47:389–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva F, Ferreira S, Duarte A, et al. Antifungal activity of Coriandrum sativum essential oil, its mode of action against Candida species and potential synergism with amphotericin B. Phytomedicine 2011;19:42–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umamatheswari S, Balaji B, Ramanathan M, Kabilan S. Synthesis, stereochemistry, antimicrobial evaluation and QSAR studies of 2,6-diaryltetrahydropyran-4-one thiosemicarbazones. Eur J Med Chem 2011;46:1415–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulandaivelu U, Padmini VG, Suneetha K, et al. Synthesis, antimicrobial and anticancer activity of new thiosemicarbazone derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011;344:84–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altıntop MD, Atli Ö, Ilgın S, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new naphthalene substituted thiosemicarbazone derivatives as potent antifungal and anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016;108:406–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opletalová V, Kalinowski DS, Vejsová M, et al. Identification and characterization of thiosemicarbazones with antifungal and antitumor effects: cellular iron chelation mediating cytotoxic activity. Chem Res Toxicol 2008;21:1878–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi IH, Kim C. Flexible docking of an acetoxyethoxymethyl derivative of thiosemicarbazone into three different species of dihydrofolate reductase. Arch Pharm Res 2002;25:807–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar