Acute otitis media pneumococcal disease burden and nasopharyngeal colonization in children due to serotypes included and not included in current and new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines

References

• Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, et al. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2013;131(3):e964–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Payment analysis of two diagnosis and management approaches of acute otitis media. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2014;53(9):865–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien MA, Prosser LA, Paradise JL, et al. New vaccines against otitis media: projected benefits and cost-effectiveness. Pediatrics. 2009;123(6):1452–1463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Shefer A, Kong Y, et al. Trends in acute otitis media-related health care utilization by privately insured young children in the United States, 1997-2004. Pediatrics. 2008;121(2):253–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur R, Morris M, Pichichero ME. Epidemiology of acute otitis media in the postpneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3). DOI:10.1542/peds.2017-0181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur R, Fuji N, Pichichero ME. Dynamic changes in otopathogens colonizing the nasopharynx and causing acute otitis media in children after 13-valent (PCV13) pneumococcal conjugate vaccination during 2015-2019. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;41(1):37–44 •• The only report on AOM using tympanocentesis. Unique data from USA.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Changes in frequency and pathogens causing acute otitis media in 1995-2003. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23(9):824–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogaert D, De Groot R, Hermans PW. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4(3):144–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo SW, Gladstone RA, van Tonder AJ, et al. Pneumococcal lineages associated with serotype replacement and antibiotic resistance in childhood invasive pneumococcal disease in the post-PCV13 era: an international whole-genome sequencing study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(7):759–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuji N, Pichichero M, Ehrlich RL, et al. Transition of serotype 35B pneumococci from commensal to prevalent virulent strain in children. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:744742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger DM, Malley R, Lipsitch M. Serotype replacement in disease after pneumococcal vaccination. Lancet. 2011;378(9807):1962–1973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur R, Czup K, Casey JR, et al. Correlation of nasopharyngeal cultures prior to and at onset of acute otitis media with middle ear fluid cultures. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:640 •• The report provides data on mismatch between nasopharyngeal and tympanocentesis culture results at onset of AOM .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahyono DJ, Khoeri MM, Darmawan AB, et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage rates and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae among school children with acute otitis media in Central Java, Indonesia. Access Microbiol. 2021;3(7):000249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Napolean M, Rosemol V, John M, et al. Nasopharyngeal colonization of otopathogens in South Indian children with acute otitis media - A case control pilot study. J Otol. 2021;16(4):220–224.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naziat H, Saha S, Islam M, et al. Epidemiology of otitis media with otorrhea among Bangladeshi children: baseline study for future assessment of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine impact. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018;37(7):715–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Shimol S, Givon-Lavi N, Kotler L, et al. Post-13-Valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dynamics in young children of serotypes included in candidate extended-spectrum conjugate vaccines. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(1):150–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy C, Varon E, Ouldali N, et al. Bacterial causes of otitis media with spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane in the era of 13 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imohl M, Perniciaro S, Busse A, et al. Bacterial spectrum of spontaneously ruptured otitis media in a 7-Year, longitudinal, multicenter, epidemiological cross-sectional study in Germany. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:675225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekinci E, Desmet S, Van Heirstraeten L, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes carried by young children and their association with acute otitis media during the period 2016-2019. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:664083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchisio P, Esposito S, Picca M, et al. Serotypes not Included in 13-Valent pneumococcal vaccine as causes of acute otitis media with spontaneous tympanic membrane perforation in a geographic area with high vaccination coverage. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36(5):521–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales M, Ludwig G, Ercibengoa M, et al. Changes in the serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing otitis media after PCV13 introduction in Spain. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0209048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quirk SJ, Haraldsson G, Erlendsdottir H, et al. Effect of vaccination on pneumococci isolated from the nasopharynx of healthy children and the middle ear of children with otitis media in Iceland. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(12). DOI:10.1128/JCM.01046-18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allemann A, Frey PM, Brugger SD, et al. Pneumococcal carriage and serotype variation before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in patients with acute otitis media in Switzerland. Vaccine. 2017;35(15):1946–1953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salsabila K, Paramaiswari WT, Amalia H, et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage rate, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children under five years old in Kotabaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2021;55(3):482–488.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prayitno A, Supriyatno B, Munasir Z, et al. Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in Indonesia infants and toddlers post-PCV13 vaccination in a 2+1 schedule: a prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2021;16(1):e0245789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamil A, Chokephaibulkit K, Phongsamart W, et al. Pneumococcal disease in Thailand. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;102:429–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Purakayastha DR, Kapil A, et al. Carriage rates and antimicrobial sensitivity of pneumococci in the upper respiratory tract of children less than ten years old, in a north Indian rural community. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson D, Rupa V, Veeraraghavan B, et al. Follow up of a birth cohort to identify prevalence and risk factors for otitis media among Indian children in the eighth year of life. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;137:110201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apte A, Dayma G, Naziat H, et al. Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in South Asian infants: results of observational cohort studies in vaccinated and unvaccinated populations. J Glob Health. 2021;11:04054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfayate Miguelez S, Yague Guirao G, Menasalvas Ruiz AI, et al. Impact of pneumococcal vaccination in the nasopharyngeal carriage of streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy children of the Murcia Region in Spain. Vaccines (Basel). 2020;9(1). DOI:10.3390/vaccines9010014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur R, Pichichero M, Palmer GH. Lipidation of Haemophilus influenzae antigens P6 and OMP26 improves immunogenicity and protection against nasopharyngeal colonization and ear infection. Infect Immun. 2022;90(5):e0067821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngo CC, Massa HM, Thornton RB, et al. Predominant bacteria detected from the middle ear fluid of children experiencing otitis media: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0150949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monasta L, Ronfani L, Marchetti F, et al. Burden of disease caused by otitis media: systematic review and global estimates. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e36226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Chronic suppurative otits media-burden of disease and management options. Switzerland. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Elango S, Purohit GN, Hashim M, et al. Hearing loss and ear disorders in Malaysian school children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1991;22(1):75–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma AK, Vohra A, Maitra A, et al. Epidemiology of chronic suppurative otitis media and deafness in a rural area and developing an intervention strategy. Indian J Pediatr. 1995;62(6):725–729.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chayarpham S, Stuart J, Chongsuvivatwong V, et al. A study of the prevalence of and risk factors for ear diseases and hearing loss in primary school children in Hat Yai, Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 1996;79(7):468–472.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacob A, Rupa V, Job A, et al. Hearing impairment and otitis media in a rural primary school in south India. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1997;39(2):133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupa V, Jacob A, Joseph A. Chronic suppurative otitis media: prevalence and practices among rural South Indian children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1999;48(3):217–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal N, Joarder AH, Chowdhury AA, et al. Prevalence of chronic suppurative otitis media among the children living in two selected slums of Dhaka City. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2004;30(3):95–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chadha SK, Agarwal AK, Gulati A, et al. A comparative evaluation of ear diseases in children of higher versus lower socioeconomic status. J Laryngol Otol. 2006;120(1):16–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhikari P. Pattern of ear diseases in rural school children: experiences of free health camps in Nepal. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73(9):1278–1280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waqar-Uddin HA, Khan A, Ahmad F, et al. Prevalence and comparison of chronic suppurative otitis media in government and private schools. Annals of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. 2009;5(3):141–144.
   Google Scholar
• Dagan R, Pelton S, Bakaletz L, et al. Prevention of early episodes of otitis media by pneumococcal vaccines might reduce progression to complex disease. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(4):480–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong S, Amand C, Kieffer A, et al. Trends in healthcare utilization and costs associated with acute otitis media in the United States during 2008-2014. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortanier AC, Venekamp RP, Boonacker CW, et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing otitis media. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;4:CD001480.
   Google Scholar
• Lau WC, Murray M, El-Turki A, et al. Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on childhood otitis media in the United Kingdom. Vaccine. 2015;33(39):5072–5079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gisselsson-Solen M. Trends in Otitis Media Incidence After Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccination: a National Observational Study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36(11):1027–1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawai K, Adil EA, Barrett D, et al. Ambulatory visits for otitis media before and after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination. J Pediatr. 2018;201:122–127 e121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichichero M, Kaur R, Scott DA, et al. Effectiveness of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination for protection against acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy young children: a prospective observational study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018;2(8):561–568.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Izurieta P, Nieto Guevara J. Exploring the evidence behind the comparable impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines PHiD-CV and PCV13 on overall pneumococcal disease. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022;18(1):1872341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews NJ, Waight PA, Burbidge P, et al. Serotype-specific effectiveness and correlates of protection for the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a postlicensure indirect cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(9):839–846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdullahi O, Karani A, Tigoi CC, et al. The prevalence and risk factors for pneumococcal colonization of the nasopharynx among children in Kilifi District, Kenya. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e30787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdullah MR, Gutierrez-Fernandez J, Pribyl T, et al. Structure of the pneumococcal l,d-carboxypeptidase DacB and pathophysiological effects of disabled cell wall hydrolases DacA and DacB. Mol Microbiol. 2014;93(6):1183–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tigoi CC, Gatakaa H, Karani A, et al. Rates of acquisition of pneumococcal colonization and transmission probabilities, by serotype, among newborn infants in Kilifi District, Kenya. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(2):180–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner P, Turner C, Jankhot A, et al. A longitudinal study of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in a cohort of infants and their mothers on the Thailand-Myanmar border. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e38271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur R, Pham M, Pichichero M. Serum antibody levels to pneumococcal polysaccharides 22F, 33F, 19A and 6A that correlate with protection from colonization and acute otitis media in children. Vaccine. 2021;39(29):3900–3906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur R, Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Emerging Streptococcus pneumoniae strains colonizing the nasopharynx in children after 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in comparison to the 7-valent Era, 2006-2015. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35(8):901–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur R, Pham M, Yu KOA, et al. Rising pneumococcal antibiotic resistance in the post-13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era in pediatric isolates from a primary care setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(5):797–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur R, Schulz S, Fuji N, et al. COVID-19 pandemic impact on respiratory infectious diseases in primary care practice in children. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:722483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jwa MY, Jeong S, Ko EB, et al. Gamma-irradiation of streptococcus pneumoniae for the use as an immunogenic whole cell vaccine. J Microbiol. 2018;56(8):579–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis B. Dulbecco R, Eisen HN,et al. Microbiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philidelphia PA, USA; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP, et al. Burden of disease caused by streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet. 2009;374(9693):893–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang SS, Johnson KM, Ray GT, et al. Healthcare utilization and cost of pneumococcal disease in the United States. Vaccine. 2011;29(18):3398–3412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichichero ME, Casey JR. Emergence of a multiresistant serotype 19A pneumococcal strain not included in the 7-valent conjugate vaccine as an otopathogen in children. Jama. 2007;298(15):1772–1778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey JR, Adlowitz DG, Pichichero ME. New patterns in the otopathogens causing acute otitis media six to eight years after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29(4):304–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey JR, Kaur R, Friedel VC, et al. Acute otitis media otopathogens during 2008 to 2010 in Rochester, New York. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(8):805–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grijalva CG, Poehling KA, Nuorti JP, et al. National impact of universal childhood immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on outpatient medical care visits in the United States. Pediatrics. 2006;118(3):865–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grijalva CG, Nuorti JP, Arbogast PG, et al. Decline in pneumonia admissions after routine childhood immunisation with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the USA: a time-series analysis. Lancet. 2007;369(9568):1179–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang SS, Hinrichsen VL, Stevenson AE, et al. Continued impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on carriage in young children. Pediatrics. 2009;124(1):e1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladhani SN, Collins S, Djennad A, et al. Rapid increase in non-vaccine serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales, 2000-17: a prospective national observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(4):441–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouldali N, Levy C, Varon E, et al. Incidence of paediatric pneumococcal meningitis and emergence of new serotypes: a time-series analysis of a 16-year French national survey. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(9):983–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briles DE, Tart RC, Swiatlo E, et al. Pneumococcal diversity: considerations for new vaccine strategies with emphasis on pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA). Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11(4):645–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malley R, Lipsitch M, Stack A, et al. Intranasal immunization with killed unencapsulated whole cells prevents colonization and invasive disease by capsulated pneumococci. Infect Immun. 2001;69(8):4870–4873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu YJ, Leite L, Goncalves VM, et al. GMP-grade pneumococcal whole-cell vaccine injected subcutaneously protects mice from nasopharyngeal colonization and fatal aspiration-sepsis. Vaccine. 2010;28(47):7468–7475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt KL, Yadav P, Weinberger DM, et al. Broad antibody and T cell reactivity induced by a pneumococcal whole-cell vaccine. Vaccine. 2012;30(29):4316–4322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malley R, Henneke P, Morse SC, et al. Recognition of pneumolysin by Toll-like receptor 4 confers resistance to pneumococcal infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(4):1966–1971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malley R, Morse SC, Leite LC, et al. Multiserotype protection of mice against pneumococcal colonization of the nasopharynx and middle ear by killed nonencapsulated cells given intranasally with a nontoxic adjuvant. Infect Immun. 2004;72(7):4290–4292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goncalves VM, Dias WO, Campos IB, et al. Development of a whole cell pneumococcal vaccine: BPL inactivation, cGMP production, and stability. Vaccine. 2014;32(9):1113–1120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chichili GR, Smulders R, Santos V, et al. Phase 1/2 study of a novel 24-valent pneumococcal vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 to 64 years and in older adults aged 65 to 85 years. Vaccine. 2022;40(31):4190–4198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesikari T, Wysocki J, Chevallier B, et al. Immunogenicity of the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) compared to the licensed 7vCRM vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(4 Suppl):S66–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant KA, Block SL, Baker SA, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics. 2010;125(5):866–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh SH, Gurtman A, Hurley DC, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants and toddlers. Pediatrics. 2010;126(3):e493–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odutola A, Ota MOC, Antonio M, et al. Efficacy of a novel, protein-based pneumococcal vaccine against nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants: a phase 2, randomized, controlled, observer-blind study. Vaccine. 2017;35(19):2531–2542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderson MR, Murphy T, Pelton SI, et al. Panel 8: vaccines and immunology. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;130 Suppl 1:109839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammitt LL, Campbell JC, Borys D, et al. Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of a pneumococcal protein-based vaccine co-administered with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media in young children: a phase IIb randomized study. Vaccine. 2019;37(51):7482–7492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld RM, Tunkel DE, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: tympanostomy Tubes in Children (Update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;166(1_suppl):S1–S55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keech CA, Morrison R, Anderson P, et al. A phase 1 randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of inactivated streptococcus pneumoniae whole-cell vaccine in adults. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(4):345–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar