References
- Kremer M. Creating markets for new vaccines. Part I: rationale. Inno Policy Econ. 2000;1:35–72. doi: 10.1086/ipe.1.25056141
- Arnould R, DeBrock L. The application of economic theory to the vaccine market. Supplying Vaccines: An Economic Analysis Of Critical Issues (IOS Press). 1996;101–131.
- Shanks GD. Could ross river virus be the next zika? J Travel Med. 2019;26(5):26. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taz003
- Poland GA. Vaccines against lyme disease: what happened and what lessons can we learn? Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(Suppl 3):s253–8. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciq116
- Wen FT, Malani A, Cobey S. The beneficial effects of vaccination on the evolution of seasonal influenza. bioRxiv. 2020;162545. doi: 10.1101/162545
- Arinaminpathy N, Ratmann O, Koelle K, et al. Impact of cross-protective vaccines on epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of influenza. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(8):3173–3177. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1113342109
- Cobey S, Larremore DB, Grad YH, et al. Concerns about SARS-CoV-2 evolution should not hold back efforts to expand vaccination. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(5):330–335. doi: 10.1038/s41577-021-00544-9
- Basak P, Abir T, Al Mamun A, et al. A global study on the correlates of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and COVID-19 vaccine distribution. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10(2):266. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10020266
- Christopher Auld M, Toxvaerd F. The great covid-19 vaccine rollout: behavioural and policy responses. Natl Inst Econ Rev. 2021;257:14–35. doi: 10.1017/nie.2021.23
- Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations. Our World In Data [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb16].Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations
- Asadu C. Nigeria to reject vaccine donations with short shelf lives. Associated Press. [cited 2021 Dec 14]. https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-health-africa-nigeria-d924cab165a324604c3b93a28cc4190d
- Hotez PJ, Pecoul B, Rijal S, et al. Eliminating the neglected tropical diseases: translational science and new technologies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(3):e0003895. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003895
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases Ending the neglect to attain the sustainable development goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240010352
- Shih W. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: shaping the vaccine manufacturing ecosystem. Gates Open Res. 2019;3:1619.
- Bernasconi V, Kristiansen PA, Whelan M, et al. Developing vaccines against epidemic-prone emerging infectious diseases. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2020;63(1):65–73. doi: 10.1007/s00103-019-03061-2
- Ball P The lightning-fast quest for COVID vaccines — and what it means for other diseases. Nature [Internet]. [2020 Dec]. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03626-1
- Pfizer and BioNTech Announce Further Details on Collaboration to Accelerate Global COVID-19 Vaccine Development. Business Wire [Internet]. [2020 Apr 9]. Available from: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200409005405/en/
- Policy Cures Research. G-FINDER: tracking funding for global health R&D. G-FINDER Data Portal [Internet]. [cited 2021 Oct 1]. Available from: https://gfinderdata.policycuresresearch.org/
- Adams B Moderna nabs a BARDA billion as its kick-starts late-stage pandemic vaccine test. Fierce Biotech [Internet]. 2020 Jul 27. Available from: https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/moderna-nabs-a-barda-billion-as-its-kickstarts-late-stage-pandemic-vaccine-test
- BioNTech. BioNTech announces new collaboration to develop HIV and tuberculosis programs. 2019. https://investors.biontech.de/news-releases/news-release-details/biontech-announces-new-collaboration-develop-hiv-and
- Prioritizing diseases for research and development in emergency contexts. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/activities/prioritizing-diseases-for-research-and-development-in-emergency-contexts
- Better health moves humanity forward. PATH [Internet]. [cited 2022 Apr]. Available from: https://www.path.org/about/
- Singh K, Mehta S. The clinical development process for a novel preventive vaccine: an overview. J Postgrad Med. 2016;62(1):4–11. doi: 10.4103/0022-3859.173187
- Grenham A, Villafana T. Vaccine development and trials in low and lower-middle income countries: key issues, advances and future opportunities. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13(9):2192–2199. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1356495
- Douglas RG, Samant VB. The Vaccine Industry. Vaccines. 7th ed. Elsevier; 2018;41–50.e1. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-35761-6.00004-3
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Influenza vaccine development programs. Medical Countermeasures [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.medicalcountermeasures.gov/barda/influenza-and-emerging-infectious-diseases/influenza-vaccine-development-programs/
- Universal Influenza Vaccine Research. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Internet]. [cited2022 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/universal-influenza-vaccine-research
- Moderna Announces Expansion of BARDA Agreement to Support Larger Phase 3 Program for Vaccine (mRNA-1273) Against COVID-19. Business Wire [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jul 26]. Available from: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200726005025/en/
- How we work. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/how-we-work
- Who we are. Wellcome [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 17]. Available from: https://wellcome.org/who-we-are
- Somauroo J Malaria vaccine 30 years and $1 billion in the making now deployed in third country. Forbes [Internet]. [cited 2019 Sep 24]. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamessomauroo/2019/09/24/malaria-vaccine-30-years-and-1-billion-in-the-making-now-deployed-in-third-country/?sh=96d57ce2583f
- A global coalition for a global problem. CEPI [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 17]. Available from: https://cepi.net/about/whoweare/
- Watson M, de Goër E F. Are good intentions putting the vaccination ecosystem at risk? Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12(9):2469–2474. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1172162
- Government, Sanofi officials unveil $925M in vaccine funding in Toronto. CBC News [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar31]. Available from: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/flu-vaccine-production-north-york-toronto-sanofi-1.5970870
- Kim JH, Hotez P, Batista C, et al. Operation warp speed: implications for global vaccine security. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(7):e1017–e1021. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00140-6
- World Health Organization. COVID-19 vaccines with WHO emergency use listing. https://extranet.who.int/pqweb/vaccines/vaccinescovid-19-vaccine-eul-issued
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. International influenza vaccine manufacturing capacity building program. Medical Countermeasures [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb]. Available from: https://www.medicalcountermeasures.gov/barda/influenza-and-emerging-infectious-diseases/international-influenza-vaccine-manufacturing-capacity-building-program/
- Surveillance in emergencies. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/surveillance
- Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Emerging Infections. Davis JR, Lederberg J, editors. Public health systems and emerging infections: assessing the capabilities of the public and private sectors. Washington (DC): National Academy Press (US); 2000. doi: 10.17226/9869
- Budhiraja S, Akinapelli R. Pharmacovigilance in vaccines. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010;42(2):117. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.64488
- Murray J, Cohen AL. Infectious Disease Surveillance. International Encyclopedia Public Health. 2nd ed. Oxford: Academic Press; 2017:222–229. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00517-8
- Nationally Notifiable Diseases. Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (CDC) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/statistics/surveillance/notifiable.html
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Risk management plans. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/marketing-authorisation/pharmacovigilance/risk-management/risk-management-plans
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccine safety datalink (VSD). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/ensuringsafety/monitoring/vsd/index.html
- CIOMS/WHO Working Group on Vaccine Pharmacovigilance. Definitions and applications of terms for vaccine pharmacovigilance. Geneva: The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS); 2012.
- Arthur RR, Leduc JW, Hughes JM Surveillance for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Bioterrorism Threats . Tropical Infectious Diseases Second Edition . 2006 195–200 doi:10.1016/B978-0-443-06668-9.50020-X ;1 (Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone).
- Where We Work. In: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb17]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/globalhivtb/where-we-work/index.html
- Carroll D, Daszak P, Wolfe ND, et al. The global virome project. Science. 2018;359(6378):872–874. doi: 10.1126/science.aap7463
- Morse SS. Global infectious disease surveillance and health intelligence. Health Aff. 2007;26(4):1069–1077. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.26.4.1069
- International Health Regulations. In: World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/international-health-regulations#tab=tab_1
- Public health surveillance for COVID-19: interim guidance. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-SurveillanceGuidance-2022.1
- Duclos P. National immunization technical advisory groups (NITAGs): guidance for their establishment and strengthening. Vaccine. 2010;28(Suppl 1):A18–25. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.027
- Piso B, Wild C. Decision support in vaccination policies. Vaccine. 2009;27(43):5923–5928. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.105
- Harmon SHE, Faour D, MacDonald N. National immunization technical advisory groups (NITAGs): a schema for evaluating and comparing foundation instruments and NITAG operations. Med Law Int. 2021;21(1):69–98. doi: 10.1177/09685332211002594
- Duclos P, Dumolard L, Abeysinghe N, et al. Progress in the establishment and strengthening of national immunization technical advisory groups: analysis from the 2013 WHO/UNICEF joint reporting form, data for 2012. Vaccine. 2013;31(46):5314–5320. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.084
- Kamiya H, Okabe N. Leadership in immunization: the relevance to Japan of the USA experience of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Vaccine. 2009;27(11):1724–1728. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.030
- Smith JC. The structure, role, and procedures of the U.S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Vaccine. 2010;28(Suppl 1):A68–75. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.037
- Oliver SE, Gargano JW, Marin M, et al. The advisory Committee on immunization practices’ interim recommendation for use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine — United States, December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(50):1922–1924. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6950e2
- Oliver SE, Gargano JW, Marin M, et al. The advisory Committee on immunization practices’ interim recommendation for use of Moderna COVID-19 vaccine — United States, December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;69(5152):1653–1656. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm695152e1
- Ba-Nguz A, Shah A, Bresee JS, et al. Supporting national immunization technical advisory groups (NITAGs) in resource-constrained settings. New strategies and lessons learned from the task force for global health’s Partnership for influenza vaccine introduction. Vaccine. 2019;37(28):3646–3653. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.046
- Bell S, Blanchard L, Walls H, et al. Value and effectiveness of national immunization technical advisory groups in low-and middle-income countries: a qualitative study of global and national perspectives. Health Policy Plan. 2019;34(4):271–281. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czz027
- World Health Organization (WHO). Regional technical advisory groups on immunization (RITAG). World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Feb 8] Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/regional-technical-advisory-groups-on-immunization-(ritag)
- WHO Lists additional COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use and issues interim policy recommendations. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. [cited 2021 May 7]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/07-05-2021-who-lists-additional-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations
- Sahar N, Lee O, Hoffman SJ, et al. Overview of key legal, political, and social challenges facing global vaccination efforts. Imaginations: Journal Of Cross-Cultural Image Studies/Imaginations: Revue D’études Interculturelles de L’image. 2020;11(2):127–153. doi: 10.17742/IMAGE.IN.11.2.9
- Vaccine Development—101. In: US Food and Drug Administration [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb17]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/development-approval-process-cber/vaccine-development-101
- Partnerships and Collaboration. US Food And Drug Administration [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/international-programs/partnerships-and-collaboration
- Gomez PL, Robinson JM, Rogalewicz JA. Vaccine manufacturing. Vaccines 6th ed. London: W.B. Saunders; 2013:44–57. doi: 10.1016/B978-1-4557-0090-5.00019-7
- World Health Organization (WHO). AVAREF overview. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Feb 8]. Available from: https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/immunization/avaref/overview
- Mission: Harmonisation for Better Health. International Council For Harmonisation (ICH) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 17] Available from: https://www.ich.org/page/mission
- World Health Organization (WHO). WHO-Listed authority (WLA). [cited 2023 Mar 23]. Available from: https://www.who.int/initiatives/who-listed-authority-reg-authorities
- Welcome to Vaccines Prequalification. World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 17]. Available from: https://extranet.who.int/pqweb/vaccines
- Medicines for use outside the European Union. European Medicines Agency [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 17].Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/marketing-authorisation/medicines-use-outside-european-union
- Khadem Broojerdi A, Baran Sillo H, Ostad Ali Dehaghi R, et al. The World health Organization global benchmarking tool an instrument to strengthen medical products regulation and promote universal health coverage. Front Med. 2020;7:457. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00457
- Hinman AR, Orenstein WA, Rodewald L. Financing immunizations in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(10):1440–1446. doi: 10.1086/420748
- About the Vaccines for Children Program (VFC). Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (CDC) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Apr6]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/about/index.html
- Mulligan K, Snider JT, Arthur P, et al. Examination of universal purchase programs as a driver of vaccine uptake among US States, 1995–2014. Vaccine. 2018;36(28):4032–4038. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.103
- Biden Administration purchases additional doses of COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna. U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services (HHS) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Apr 6]. Available from: https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2021/02/11/biden-administration-purchases-additional-doses-covid-19-vaccines-from-pfizer-and-moderna.html
- PAHO Revolving Fund. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb17]. Available from: https://www.paho.org/en/revolvingfund
- COVAX. Gavi [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 17].Available: https://www.gavi.org/covax-facility?gclid=Cj0KCQjwwNWKBhDAARIsAJ8HkhdpvIUKB83PXcyP5vzZkDDTrQcxhftCAJ1SBBBvjjJOhJvm3WAbzxEaAm60EALw_wcB
- COVAX: ensuring global equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. UNICEF [Internet]. [cited 2022 Apr]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/supply/covax-ensuring-global-equitable-access-covid-19-vaccines
- de Bolle M COVAX is failing to halt the COVID-19 pandemic: here’s why, and how to fix it. The Conversation [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jun 8]. Available from: https://theconversation.com/covax-is-failing-to-halt-the-covid-19-pandemic-heres-why-and-how-to-fix-it-162146
- Ducharme J COVAX was a great idea, but is now 500 million doses short of its vaccine distribution goals. What Exactly went wrong? Time[Internet]. 2021. https://time.com/6096172/covax-vaccines-what-went-wrong/
- de Bengy Puyvallée A, Storeng KT. COVAX, vaccine donations and the politics of global vaccine inequity. Global Health. 2022;18(1):26. doi: 10.1186/s12992-022-00801-z
- Smith J, Lipsitch M, Almond JW. Vaccine production, distribution, access, and uptake. Lancet. 2011;378(9789):428–438. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60478-9
- Immunization. UNICEF [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb17]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/immunization
- Anyiam-Osigwe T. The long view: keeping vaccines cool with cold chain. Gavi [Internet]. [2021 May 31]. Available from: https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/long-view-keeping-vaccines-cool-cold-chain?gclid=CjwKCAjwy7CKBhBMEiwA0Eb7agfoM7WSBp-sKmrDHHjfGLtG8g1Ri2aI_jIbgcjaaksF1xrO3HeXCBoCFsYQAvD_BwE
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC). African vaccine acquisition trust delivers 12 000 doses of COVID-19 vaccine to the african union. 2021. https://africacdc.org/news-item/african-vaccine-acquisition-trust-delivers-12-000-doses-of-covid-19-vaccine-to-the-african-union/
- The african union’s african vaccine acquisition trust (AVAT) initiative. UNICEF [Internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/supply/african-unions-african-vaccine-acquisition-trust-avat-initiative
- de Figueiredo A, Simas C, Karafillakis E, et al. Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence and investigating barriers to vaccine uptake: a large-scale retrospective temporal modelling study. Lancet. 2020;396(10255):898–908. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31558-0
- MacDonald NE; SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy: definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine. 2015;33(34):4161–4164. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036
- World Health Organization (WHO). Ten Threats to global health in 2019. 2019. https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019
- Oduwole EO, Pienaar ED, Mahomed H, et al. Current tools available for investigating vaccine hesitancy: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open. 2019;9(12):e033245. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033245
- Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, andTranslation, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine (IOM). International regulatory Harmonization amid globalization of Drug development: workshop summary. Weisfeld V, Lustig TA, editors. (WA) (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2013.