Combatting infectious diarrhea: innovations in treatment and vaccination strategies

References

• Fang X, Ai J, Liu W, et al. Epidemiology of infectious diarrhoea and the relationship with etiological and meteorological factors in Jiangsu Province, China. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):19571. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56207-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schertzer KA, Garmel GM. Acute infectious diarrhea. In: Frazee B, Chin R Coralic Z, editors. Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases [Internet]. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2018. p. 169–180. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/emergency-management-of-infectious-diseases/acute-infectious-diarrhea/E43DB20B2C50939D9D12A5462E53DCDF
   Google Scholar
• Behera DK, Mishra S. The burden of diarrhea, etiologies, and risk factors in India from 1990 to 2019: evidence from the global burden of disease study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):92. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-12515-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viegelmann GC, Dorji J, Guo X, et al. Approach to diarrhoeal disorders in children. Singapore Med J. 2021;62(12):623–629. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2021234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böhles N, Böhles N, Busch K, et al. Vaccines against human diarrheal pathogens: current status and perspectives. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(6):1522–1535. doi: 10.4161/hv.29241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng AC, McDonald JR, Thielman NM. Infectious diarrhea in developed and developing countries. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39(9):757–773. doi: 10.1097/01.mcg.0000177231.13770.07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatchette TF, Farina D. Infectious diarrhea: when to test and when to treat. CMAJ. 2011;183(3):339–344. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.091495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machava NE, Salvador EM, Mulaudzi F. Assessment of diagnosis and treatment practices of diarrhoea in children under five in Maputo-Mozambique. Int J Afr Nurs Sci. 2022;17:100507. doi: 10.1016/j.ijans.2022.100507
   Google Scholar
• Wang X, Wang J, Sun H, et al. Etiology of childhood infectious diarrhea in a developed region of China: Compared to childhood diarrhea in a developing region and adult diarrhea in a developed region. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0142136. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen H, Zhang J, Li Y, et al. The 12 gastrointestinal pathogens spectrum of acute infectious diarrhea in a Sentinel Hospital, Shenzhen, China. Front Microbiol [Internet]. 2016 [[cited 2023 Apr 2]];7. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01926
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam NH, Ashraf H. Treatment of infectious diarrhea in children. Paediatr Drugs. 2003;5(3):151–165. doi: 10.2165/00128072-200305030-00002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li Z, Zhu G, Li C, et al. Which probiotic is the most effective for treating acute diarrhea in children? A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4319. doi: 10.3390/nu13124319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meisenheimer ES, Epstein C, Thiel D. Acute diarrhea in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2022;106(1):72–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szajewska H, Mrukowicz JZ. Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: A Systematic review of published randomized, Double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr [Internet]. 2001;33:S17–S25. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200110002-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drancourt M. Acute diarrhea. Infect Dis (Auckl). 2017;335–340.e2. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-6285-8.00038-1
   Google Scholar
• Hodges K, Gill R. Infectious diarrhea. Gut Microbes. 2010;1(1):4–21. doi: 10.4161/gmic.1.1.11036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najafi A, Najafi S, Vahdat K, et al. Importance of viral pathogens in children with acute gastroenteritis in the south of Iran. Ann Saudi Med. 2013;33(2):124–129. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2013.124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Chuc D, Linh DP, Linh DV, et al. Clinical epidemiology features and risk factors for acute diarrhea caused by rotavirus a in Vietnamese children. Int J Pediatr. 2023;2023:4628858. doi: 10.1155/2023/4628858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Descoteaux-Friday GJ, Shrimanker I Chronic diarrhea. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Apr 3].
   Google Scholar
• Behrens R. Persistent diarrhoea syndrome. Afr Health. 1991;13(5):10–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Camilleri M, Sellin JH, Barrett KE. Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and management of chronic watery diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(3):515–532.e2. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Kubaisy W, Badre AA, Al-Naggar RA, et al. Epidemiological study of bloody diarrhoea among children in Baghdad, Iraq. Int Arch Med [Internet]. 2015 [[cited 2023 Apr 2]];8. Available from: http://www.imed.pub/ojs/index.php/iam/article/view/940
   Google Scholar
• Al-Kubaisy W, Badre AA, Al-Naggar RA, et al. Epidemiological study of bloody diarrhoea among children in Baghdad, Iraq. Int Arch Med. 2015;8:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Amjad M. An Overview of the molecular methods in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal infectious diseases. Int J Microbiol. 2020;2020:e8135724. doi: 10.1155/2020/8135724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams PCM, Berkley JA. Guidelines for the treatment of dysentery (shigellosis): a systematic review of the evidence. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2018;38(sup1):S50–S65. doi: 10.1080/20469047.2017.1409454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne CM, Fass R, Bernstein H, et al. Pathogenesis of diarrhea in the adult: diagnostic challenges and life-threatening conditions. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18(10):1047–1051. doi: 10.1097/01.meg.0000231748.60889.be
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navaneethan U, Giannella RA. Mechanisms of infectious diarrhea. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;5(11):637–647. doi: 10.1038/ncpgasthep1264
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kantor M, Abrantes A, Estevez A, et al. Entamoeba histolytica: Updates in clinical manifestation, pathogenesis, and vaccine development. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;2018:4601420. doi: 10.1155/2018/4601420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundgren O, Svensson L. Pathogenesis of diarrhea. Microbes Infect. 2001;3(13):1145. doi: 10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01475-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokomane M, Kasvosve I, de Melo E, et al. The global problem of childhood diarrhoeal diseases: emerging strategies in prevention and management. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2018;5(1):29–43. doi: 10.1177/2049936117744429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caliendo AM, Gilbert DN, Ginocchio CC, et al. Better tests, better care: improved diagnostics for infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(suppl 3):S139–S170. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platts-Mills JA, Liu J, Houpt ER. New concepts in diagnostics for infectious diarrhea. Mucosal Immunol. 2013;6(5):876–885. doi: 10.1038/mi.2013.50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turgeon DK, Fritsche TR. LABORATORY APPROACHES to INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2001;30(3):693–707. doi: 10.1016/S0889-8553(05)70206-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunliffe NA, Witte D, Ngwira BM, et al. Efficacy of human rotavirus vaccine against severe gastroenteritis in Malawian children in the first two years of life: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Vaccine. 2012;30(Suppl 1):A36–43. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Cunliffe NA, Steele D, et al. Effect of human rotavirus vaccine on severe diarrhea in African infants. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(4):289–298. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0904797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesikari T, Karvonen A, Prymula R, et al. Efficacy of human rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus gastroenteritis during the first 2 years of life in European infants: randomised, double-blind controlled study. Lancet. 2007;370(9601):1757–1763. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61744-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vila J. New molecular diagnostic tools in traveller’s diarrhea. J Travel Med. 2017;24(suppl_1):S23–S28. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taw071
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook GC. Diagnostic procedures in the investigation of infectious diarrhoea. Baillière’s Clin Gastroenterol. 1993;7(2):421–449. doi: 10.1016/0950-3528(93)90048-W
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singhal N, Kumar M, Kanaujia PK, et al. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:791. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlek ALM, Bonten MJM, Boel CHE, et al. Direct matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry improves appropriateness of antibiotic treatment of bacteremia. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32589. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barletta F, Ochoa TJ, Ecker L, et al. Validation of five-colony pool analysis using multiplex real-time PCR for detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(6):1915–1917. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00608-09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujioka M, Kasai K, Miura T, et al. Rapid diagnostic method for the detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by multiplex PCR. Jpn J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2009 [[cited 2023 Apr 2]];62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19934545/
   Google Scholar
• Mengelle C, Mansuy JM, Prere MF, et al. Simultaneous detection of gastrointestinal pathogens with a multiplex Luminex-based molecular assay in stool samples from diarrhoeic patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(10):E458–465. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque R, Roy S, Kabir M, et al. Giardia assemblage a infection and diarrhea in Bangladesh. J Infect Dis [Internet]. [cited 2023 Apr 2]. 2005;192(12):2171–2173. doi: 10.1086/498169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Zhang M, Wang S, et al. Erratum: Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice. The ISME Journal [Internet]. [cited 2023 Apr 2]. 2010;4(2):312–313. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho JC, Tiedje JM. Bacterial species determination from DNA-DNA hybridization by using genome fragments and DNA microarrays. Appl environ microbiol [Internet]. [cited 2023 Apr 2] 2001;67(8):3677–3682. doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.8.3677-3682.2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried K, Tárkányi K, Prinz G, et al. Detection of lactoferrin in feces for differential diagnosis in diarrhea. Orvosi hetilap [Internet]. 2002 [[cited 2023 Apr 2]];143. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12434630/
   Google Scholar
• Andersen SC, Hoorfar J. Surveillance of foodborne pathogens: towards diagnostic metagenomics of fecal samples. Genes (Basel). 2018;9(1):E14. doi: 10.3390/genes9010014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siciliano V, Nista EC, Rosà T, et al. Clinical management of infectious diarrhea. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2020;15(4):298–308. doi: 10.2174/1574887115666200628144128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diarrhoeal disease [Internet]. [cited 2023 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease.
   Google Scholar
• Descoteaux-Friday GJ, Shrimanker I Chronic Diarrhea. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 1]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544337/.
   Google Scholar
• Dejkam A, Hatam-Nahavandi K. Dysentery in children. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50:1930–1931. doi: 10.18502/ijph.v50i9.7082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casburn-Jones AC, Farthing MJG. Management of infectious diarrhoea. Gut. 2004;53(2):296–305. doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.022103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collinson S, Deans A, Padua-Zamora A, et al. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;2020(12): CD003048. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub4
   Google Scholar
• Probiotics for the prevention of COVID-19 Sequelae. - abstract - Europe PMC [Internet]. [cited 2023 Apr 3]. Available from: https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/9402282.
   Google Scholar
• Bhutta Z, Syed S. Diarrheal diseases. In: Caballero B, Finglas P Toldrá F, editors. Encyclopedia of Food and Health [Internet]. Oxford: Academic Press; 2016[cited 2023 Apr 3]; p. 361–372. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123849472002233
   Google Scholar
• Chinese clinical practice guidelines for acute infectious diarrhea in children | SpringerLink [Internet]. [cited 2023 Apr 3]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-018-0190-2.
   Google Scholar
• Tribble DR. Antibiotic therapy for acute watery diarrhea and dysentery. Mil Med. 2017;182(S2):17–25. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-17-00068
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gore SM, Fontaine O, Pierce NF. Impact of rice based oral rehydration solution on stool output and duration of diarrhoea: meta-analysis of 13 clinical trials. Br Med J. 1992;304(6822):287–291. doi: 10.1136/bmj.304.6822.287
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Douma JAJ, Smulders YM. Loperamide for acute infectious diarrhoea. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2015;159:A9132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh N, Narayan S. Racecadotril : A Novel Antidiarrheal. Med J Armed Forces India. 2008;64(4):361–362. doi: 10.1016/S0377-1237(08)80022-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alam NH, Ashraf H, Khan WA, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of racecadotril in the treatment of cholera in adults: a double blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial. Gut. 2003;52(10):1419–1423. doi: 10.1136/gut.52.10.1419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traa BS, Walker CLF, Munos M, et al. Antibiotics for the treatment of dysentery in children. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(Supplement 1):i70–i74. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyq024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bajait C, Thawani V. Role of zinc in pediatric diarrhea. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011;43(3):232–235. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.81495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faure C. Role of antidiarrhoeal drugs as adjunctive therapies for acute diarrhoea in children. Int J Pediatr. 2013;2013:612403. doi: 10.1155/2013/612403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen L, Kelly BB, Success C on the S of CB to a 8: D and B the F for, et al. Child development and early learning [Internet]. Transforming the Workforce for children Birth through age 8: A Unifying Foundation. National Academies Press (US); 2015 [cited 2023 Apr 3]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310550/.
   Google Scholar
• Motarjemi Y, Steffen R, Binder HJ. Preventive strategy against infectious diarrhea—A Holistic approach. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(3):516–519. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.07.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghsaeifard Z, Heidari G, Alizadeh R. Understanding the use of oral rehydration therapy: a narrative review from clinical practice to main recommendations. Health Sci Rep. 2022;5(5):e827. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.827
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anigilaje EA. Management of diarrhoeal dehydration in childhood: A review for Clinicians in developing countries. Front Pediatr [Internet]. 2018;6 [[cited 2023 Nov 25]]. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukacik M, Thomas RL, Aranda JV. A meta-analysis of the effects of oral zinc in the treatment of acute and persistent diarrhea. Pediatrics. 2008;121(2):326–336. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-0921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth V, Pfleghaar N Diarrhea. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 1]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448082/.
   Google Scholar
• Excler J-L, Saville M, Berkley S, et al. Vaccine development for emerging infectious diseases. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):591–600. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01301-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty M, Buchy P, Standaert B, et al. Vaccine impact: benefits for human health. Vaccine. 2016;34(52):6707–6714. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra T, Vuppu S. Toxicity of chemical-based hand sanitizers on children and the development of natural alternatives: a computational approach. Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 2023;53(9):572–599. doi: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2270496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal Z, Ahmed S, Tabassum N, et al. Role of probiotics in prevention and treatment of enteric infections: a comprehensive review. 3 Biotech. 2021;11(5):242. doi: 10.1007/s13205-021-02796-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Das JK, Tripathi A, Ali A, et al. Vaccines for the prevention of diarrhea due to cholera, shigella, ETEC and rotavirus. BMC Public Health. 2013;13 Suppl 3(S3):S11. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riddle MS, Guerry P. Status of vaccine research and development for Campylobacter jejuni. Vaccine. 2016;34(26):2903–2906. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons MP, Pike BL, Hulseberg CE, et al. Norovirus: new developments and implications for travelers’ diarrhea. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines. 2016;2(1):1. doi: 10.1186/s40794-016-0017-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Venkatesan MM, Van de Verg LL. Combination vaccines against diarrheal diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11:1434–1448. doi: 10.4161/21645515.2014.986984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlake T, Thess A, Fotin-Mleczek M, et al. Developing mRNA-vaccine technologies. RNA Biol. 2012;9(11):1319–1330. doi: 10.4161/rna.22269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford SE, Ramani S, Tate JE, et al. Rotavirus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3(1):17083. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares-Weiser K, Bergman H, Henschke N, et al. Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 Mar 8]. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6816010/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clem AS. Fundamentals of Vaccine Immunology. J Global Infect Dis. 2011;3(1):73. doi: 10.4103/0974-777X.77299
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burnett E, Parashar UD, Tate JE. Real-world effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines, 2006–19: a literature review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(9):e1195–e1202. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30262-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isanaka S, Langendorf C, McNeal MM, et al. Rotavirus vaccine efficacy up to 2 years of age and against diverse circulating rotavirus strains in Niger: extended follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. PLOS Med. 2021;18(7):e1003655. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollaritsch H, Wiedermann U. Examples for vaccines against diarrheal diseases – rotavirus and traveller’s diarrhea. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2007;157(5–6):102–106. doi: 10.1007/s10354-007-0390-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glass RI, Tate JE, Jiang B, et al. The rotavirus vaccine story: from discovery to the eventual control of rotavirus disease. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(Supplement_4):S331–S342. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa598
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diarrheal Etiology And Impact Of Coinfections On Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Estimates In a Clinical Trial Of a Monovalent Human–Bovine (116E) Oral Rotavirus Vaccine, Rotavac, India - PMC [Internet]. [cited 2023 Apr 1]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6603264/.
   Google Scholar
• Kanungo S, Chatterjee P, Bavdekar A, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the rotavac and rotasiil rotavirus vaccines administered in an interchangeable dosing schedule among healthy Indian infants: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 4, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(8):1191–1199. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00161-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang B, Gentsch JR, Glass RI. The role of serum antibodies in the protection against rotavirus disease: an overview. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(10):1351–1361. doi: 10.1086/340103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman H, Henschke N, Hungerford D, et al. Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;(11):CD008521. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008521.pub6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svennerholm A-M, Lundgren A, Leach S, et al. Mucosal Immune Responses Against an Oral Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Vaccine Evaluated in Clinical Trials. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(Supplement_7):S821–S828. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab475
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akhtar M, Nizam NN, Basher SR, et al. dmLT adjuvant Enhances cytokine responses to T cell Stimuli, whole cell vaccine antigens and lipopolysaccharide in both adults and infants. Front Immunol. 2021;12:654872. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo H, Zhang W. Development of effective vaccines for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(2):150–152. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30631-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker RI, Wierzba TF, Mani S, et al. Vaccines against Shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: A summary of the 2016 VASE Conference. Vaccine. 2017Dec 14;35(49 Pt A):6775–6782. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.045. Epub 2017 Oct 4. PMID: 28987444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cates JE, Tate JE, Parashar U. Rotavirus vaccines: progress and new developments. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2022;22(3):423–432. doi: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1977279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakatos K, McAdams D, White JA, et al. Formulation and preclinical studies with a trivalent rotavirus P2-VP8 subunit vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020;16(8):1957–1968. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1710412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baruah N, Ahamad N, Maiti S, et al. Development of a self-adjuvanting, cross-protective, stable intranasal recombinant vaccine for shigellosis. ACS Infect Dis. 2021;7(12):3182–3196. doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento IP, Leite LCC. Recombinant vaccines and the development of new vaccine strategies. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2012;45(12):1102–1111. doi: 10.1590/S0100-879X2012007500142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashim R, Khatib AM, Enwere G, et al. Safety of the recombinant cholera toxin B subunit, killed whole-cell (rBS-WC) oral cholera vaccine in pregnancy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(7):e1743. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azizi A, Edamura KN, Leung G, et al. Short communication: evaluating the level of expressed HIV type 1 gp120 and gag proteins in the vCP1521 vector by two immunoplaque methods. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013;29(2):397–399. doi: 10.1089/aid.2012.0212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelinek T, Kollaritsch H. Vaccination with dukoral ® against travelers’ diarrhea (ETEC) and cholera. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2008;7(5):561–567. doi: 10.1586/14760584.7.5.561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen D, Green MS, Block C, et al. Prospective study of the association between serum antibodies to lipopolysaccharide O antigen and the attack rate of shigellosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29(2):386–389. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.2.386-389.1991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu D-Q, Cisar JO, Ambulos N, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of genes for Shigella sonnei form I O polysaccharide: proposed biosynthetic pathway and stable expression in a live salmonella vaccine vector. Infect Immun. 2002;70(8):4414–4423. doi: 10.1128/IAI.70.8.4414-4423.2002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddle MS, Chen WH, Kirkwood CD, et al. Update on vaccines for enteric pathogens. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(10):1039–1045. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.06.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JW, Roden RBS. Virus-like particles for the prevention of human papillomavirus-associated malignancies.Exp Rev Vaccin [Internet]. 2013 [[cited 2023 Dec 6]];12(2):129–141. DOI:10.1586/erv.12.151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroux-Roels G, Cramer JP, Mendelman PM, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of different formulations of norovirus vaccine candidate in healthy adults: a randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. J Infect Dis. 2018;217(4):597–607. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malm M, Tamminen K, Lappalainen S, et al. Rotavirus recombinant VP6 nanotubes act as an immunomodulator and delivery vehicle for norovirus virus-like particles. J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:e9171632. doi: 10.1155/2016/9171632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamminen K, Lappalainen S, Huhti L, et al. Trivalent combination vaccine induces broad heterologous immune responses to norovirus and rotavirus in mice. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e70409. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan M, Jiang X. Vaccine against norovirus. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(6):1449–1456. doi: 10.4161/hv.28626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Fu M, Hu Q. Advances in human norovirus vaccine research. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(7):732. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9070732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Research C For BE And. RotaTeq. FDA [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Apr 3]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/rotateq.
   Google Scholar
• Research C For BE And. ROTARIX. FDA [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Apr 3]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/rotarix.
   Google Scholar
• Serum Institute Of India - Rotasiil- Rotavirus Vaccine (Live Attenuated Oral) I.P. (Freeze-Dried) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Mar 8]. Available from: https://www.seruminstitute.com/product_ind_rotasiil.php.
   Google Scholar
• Sit B, Fakoya B, Waldor MK. Emerging concepts in cholera vaccine design. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2022;76(1):681–702. doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-033201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clemens JD, Nair GB, Ahmed T, et al. Cholera. Lancet. 2017;390(10101):1539–1549. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30559-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang W, Wang S, Yu F, et al. Construction and evaluation of a safe, live, oral Vibrio cholerae vaccine candidate, IEM108. Infect Immun. 2003;71(10):5498–5504. doi: 10.1128/IAI.71.10.5498-5504.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia L, Jidy MD, Garcia H, et al. The vaccine candidate vibrio cholerae 638 is protective against cholera in healthy volunteers. Infect Immun. 2005;73(5):3018. doi: 10.1128/IAI.73.5.3018-3024.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F Live attenuated oral cholera vaccines. 2014;5:483–494. doi: 10.1586/1476058454483.
   Google Scholar
• Ledón T, Ferrán B, Pérez C, et al. TLP01, an mshA mutant of Vibrio cholerae O139 as vaccine candidate against cholera. Microbes Infect. 2012;14(11):968–978. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tacket CO, Losonsky G, Nataro JP, et al. Initial clinical studies of CVD 112 vibrio cholerae O139 live oral vaccine: safety and efficacy against experimental challenge. J Infect Dis. 1995;172(3):883–886. doi: 10.1093/infdis/172.3.883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan M, Gim Cheong T, Kurunathan S, et al. Construction and characterization of an auxotrophic ctxA mutant of O139 vibrio cholerae. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2010;49(5):211–216. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2010.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raqib R, Sarker P, Zaman K, et al. A phase I trial of WRSS1, a Shigella sonnei live oral vaccine in Bangladeshi adults and children. Human Vaccines Immunother. 2019;15(6):1326–1337. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1575165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnoy S, Jeong KI, Helm RF, et al. Characterization of WRSs2 and WRSs3, new second-generation virG(icsA)-based Shigella sonnei vaccine candidates with the potential for reduced reactogenicity. Vaccine. 2010;28(6):1642–1654. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLaine BOC, Wu T, Grassel CL, et al. Characterization of a multicomponent live, attenuated Shigella flexneri vaccine. Pathog Dis. 2016;74(5):34. doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftw034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz DE, Coster TS, Wolf MK, et al. Two studies evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of a live, attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine (SC602) and excretion of vaccine organisms in North American volunteers. Infect Immun. 2004;72(2):923–930. doi: 10.1128/IAI.72.2.923-930.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu T, Grassel C, Levine MM, et al. Live attenuated Shigella dysenteriae type 1 vaccine strains overexpressing Shiga toxin B subunit. Infect Immun. 2011;79(12):4912. doi: 10.1128/IAI.05814-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh MK, Chiang CH Inactive Vibrio cholerae whole-cell vaccine-loaded biodegradable microparticles: in vitro release and oral vaccination. 2008;21:91–106. doi: 10.1080/02652040310001619794
   Google Scholar
• Taylor DN, Cárdenas V, Sanchez JL, et al. Two-year study of the protective efficacy of the oral whole cell plus recombinant B subunit cholera vaccine in Peru. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(5):1667–1673. doi: 10.1086/315462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine MM, Chen WH, Kaper JB, et al. PaxVax CVD 103-HgR single-dose live oral cholera vaccine. 2017;16:197–213. doi: 10.1080/1476058420171291348
   Google Scholar
• Barel LA, Mulard LA. Classical and novel strategies to develop a Shigella glycoconjugate vaccine: from concept to efficacy in human. Human Vaccines Immunother. 2019;15(6):1338. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1606972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie R, Walker RI, Nabors GS, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an oral, inactivated, whole-cell vaccine for Shigella sonnei: preclinical studies and a phase I trial. Vaccine. 2006;24(18):3735–3745. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turbyfill KR, Clarkson KA, Oaks EV, et al. From concept to clinical product: A brief history of the novel Shigella Invaplex vaccine’s refinement and evolution. Vaccines. 2022;10(4):548. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10040548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fries LF, Montemarano AD, Mallett CP, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a proteosome-Shigella flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide vaccine administered intranasally to healthy adults. Infect Immun. 2001;69(7):4545. doi: 10.1128/IAI.69.7.4545-4553.2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen J, Yang Y, Zhao G, et al. Salmonella typhi Ty21a bacterial ghost vector augments HIV-1 gp140 DNA vaccine-induced peripheral and mucosal antibody responses via TLR4 pathway. Vaccine. 2012;30(39):5733–5739. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Villamil JI, Tapia D, Torres AG, et al. Development of a gold nanoparticle vaccine against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli o157:H7. mBio [Internet]. 2019;10(4). [[cited 2022 Dec 31]]. Available from: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01869-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdullahi T, Nitschke G, Sweijd N, et al. Predicting diarrhoea outbreaks with climate change. PLoS One. 2022;17(4):e0262008. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chunara R, Freifeld CC, Brownstein JS. New technologies for reporting real-time emergent infections. Parasitology. 2012;139(14):1843–1851. doi: 10.1017/S0031182012000923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Li J, Gu J, et al. Artificial neural networks for infectious diarrhea prediction using meteorological factors in Shanghai (China). Appl Soft Comput. 2015;35:280–290. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2015.05.047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar