References
- Gifford DS, Morton SC, Fiske M, et al. Lack of progress in labor as a reason for cesarean. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:589–595
- DeMott RK, Sandmire HF. The Green Bay cesarean study. II. The physician factor as a determinant of cesarean birth rates for failed labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:1799–1810
- Friedman EA. Labor: Clinical evaluation and management. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton Century Crofts; 1978
- Bottoms SF, Hirsch VJ, Sokol RJ. Medical management of arrest disorders of labor: a current overview. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;156:935–939
- Handa VL, Laros RK. Active-phase arrest in labor: predictors of cesarean delivery in a nulliparous population. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81:758–763.
- Philpott RH, Castle WM. Cervicographs in the management of labour in primigravidae. I. The alert line for detecting abnormal labor. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1972;79:592–598
- Studd JWW. Partograms and normograms of cervical dilata-tion in the management of primigravid labor. Br Med J 1973;4:451–455
- OM KSJ, Neilson JP. Failure to progress in the management of labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101:1–3
- Friedman EA, Sachdeben MR Station of the presenting part. I. Pattern of descent. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1965;93:522–529
- Battaglia FC. Reducing the cesarean-section rate safely. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1540–1541
- Sachs BP, Kobelin C, Castro MA, et al. The risks of lowering the cesarean delivery rate. N Engl J Med 1999;340:54–57
- Sheiner E, Levy A, Feinstein U, et al. Obstetric risk factors for failure to progress in the first versus the second stage of labor. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002;11:409–413
- Feinstein U, Sheiner E, Levy A, et al. Risk factors for arrest of descent during the second stage of labor. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2002;77:7–14
- Hopwood HG. Shoulder dystocia: Fifteen years' experience in a community hospital. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144:162–166
- Cohen WR. The pelvic division of labor. In: Cohen WR, Acker DB, Friedman, editors. Management of labor. 2nd ed. Rockville, MD, USA: Aspen; 1989. pp 19–60.
- Sizer AR, Evans J, Bailey SM, Weiner J. A second-stage partogram. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:678–683
- Friedman EA, Niswander KA, Sachtleben MR. Dysfunctional labor. VIII. Relative accuracy of clinical and graphic diagnostic methods. Obstet Gynecol 1969;33:145–152
- Cohen WR. Influence of the duration of second stage labor on perinatal outcome and puerperal morbidity. Obstet Gynecol 1977;49:266–269
- Kadar N. The second stage. In: Studd JWW, editor. The management of labour. Oxford, UK: Blackwell; 1985. pp 268–286
- Murphy DJ, Liebling RE, Patel R, et al. Cohort study of operative delivery in the second stage of labour and standard obstetric care. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2003;110:610–615
- Cohen WR, Mahon T, Chazotte C. The very long second stage of labor. Proceedings of the Third World Congress on Labor and Delivery. New York, USA: Parthenon Publishing; 1998. pp 348–351.
- Piper JM, Bolling DR, Newton ER. The second stage of labor: factors influencing duration. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:976–979.