References
- Veciana M, Mason ME. In: Evans AT, Niswander KR, editors. Manual of obstetrics, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams 8z Wilkins; 2000. pp 127–148.
- Janzen C, Greenspoon JS, Palmer SM. In: De Cherney AH, Nathan L, editors. Current obstetrics and gynecology, 9th ed. New York: Mc Graw-Hill; 2003. pp 326–337.
- Lopaschuk G. Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in ischemia and reperfusion. Am Heart J 2000;139:S115–119.
- Catalano PM, Kirwan JP, Haugel-de Mouzon, et al. Gesta-tional diabetes and insulin resistance: role in short- and long-term implications for mother and fetus. J Nutr 2003;133(5 Suppl 2):16745–16835.
- Olbrich H, Evangeliou A, Tabatabaei S, et al. Correlation between long-chain acylcarnitine in serum and myocardium after heart transplantation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:414–417.
- Tamamogullari N, Silig Y, Icagasioglu S, et al. Carnitine deficiency in diabetes mellitus complications. J Diabetes Complications 1999;13:251–253.
- Cederblad G, Hermansson G, Ludvigsson J. Plasma and urine carnitine in children with diabetes mellitus. Chin Chim Acta 1982;125:207–217.
- Winter SC, Simon M, Zorn EM, et al. Relative carnitine insufficiency in children with type I diabetes mellitus. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:1337–1339.
- Morabito E, Corsico N, Marzo A, et al. Serum and urine levels of levocarnitine family components in genetically diabetic rats. Arzneimittelforschung 1994;44:965–968.
- Pregant P, Schernthaner G, Legenstein E, et al. Decreased plasma carnitine in type I diabetes mellitus. Klin Wochenschr 1991;69:511–516.
- Evangeliou A, Vlassopoulos D. Carnitine metabolism and deficit-when supplementation is necessary? Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2003;4:211–219.
- Schoderbeck M, Auer B, Legenstein E, et al. Pregnancy-related changes of carnitine and acylcarnitine concentrations of plasma and erythrocytes. J Perinat Med 1995;23:477–485.
- Bargen-Lockner C, Hahn P, Wittmann B. Plasma carnitine in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;140:412–414.
- Giinter HH, Peulecke W, Oehler K, et al. The concentration of carnitine in the last trimester of pregnancy subject to glucose tolerance. Zentralbl Gynakol 2002;124:533–537.
- Winter SC, Linn LS, Helton E. Plasma carnitine concentra-tions in pregnancy, cord blood, and neonates and children. Chin Chim Acta 1995;243:87–93.
- Koumantakis E, Sifakis S, Koumantaki Y, et al. Plasma carnitine levels of pregnant adolescents in labor. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2001;14:65–69.
- McGarry, Foster DW. An improved and simplified radio-isotopic assay for the determination of free and esterified carnitine. J Lipid Res 1976;12:277–281.
- Hoppel C. The role of carnitine in normal and altered fatty acid metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41 (Suppl 4):54–12.
- Winter SC, Simon M, Zorn EM, et al. Relative carnitine insufficiency in children with type I diabetes mellitus. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:1337–1339.
- Davis AT. Tissue trimethyllysine biosynthesis and carnitine content in pregnant and lactating rats fed a lysine-limiting diet. J Nutr 1990;120:846–856.
- Hoppel CL, Genuth SM. Urinary excretion of acetylcarnitine during human diabetic and fasting ketosis. Am J Physiol 1982;243:E168–172.
- Soltesz G, Melegh B, Sandor A. The relationship between carnitine and ketone body levels in diabetic children. Acta Paediatr Scand 1983;72:511–515.
- Butte NF. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in pregnancy: normal compared with gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Chin Nutr 2000;71(5 Suppl):12565–12615.
- Paradisi G, Biaggi A, Ferrazani S, et al. Abnormal carbohy-drate metabolism during pregnancy. Diabetes Care 2002;25:560–564.
- Yoshikawa Y, Ueda E, Sakurai H, et al. Anti-diabetes effect of Zn(II)/carnitine complex by oral administration. Chem Pharm Bull 2003;51:230–231.