References
- Martin J A, Hamilton B E, Ventura S J, Menacker F, Park M M, Sutton P D. Births: Final data for 2002. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2003; 52: 1–113
- Thacker S B, Stroup D, Chang M. Continuous electronic heart rate monitoring for fetal assessment during labor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001, CD000063
- Lotgering F K, Wallenburg H CS, Schouten H JA. Interobserver and intraobserver variation in the assessment of antepartum cardiotocograms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 144: 701–705
- Nielsen P V, Stigsby B, Nickelson C, Nim J. Intra- and inter-observer variability in the assessment of intrapartum cardiotocograms. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 1987; 66: 421–424
- Spencer J A. Clinical overview of cardiotocography. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 4–7
- Weiner Z, Farmakides G, Schulman H, Kellner L, Plancher S, Maulik D. Computerized analysis of fetal heart rate variation in post-term pregnancy: Prediction of intrapartum fetal distress and fetal acidosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171: 1132–1138
- Guzman E R, Vintzileos A M, Martins M, Benito C, Houlihan C, Hanley M. The efficacy of individual computer heart rate indices in detecting acidemia at birth in growth-restricted fetuses. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87: 969–974
- Dawes G S, Rosevear S K, Pello L C, Moulden M, Redman C W. Computerized analysis of episodic changes in fetal heart rate variation in early labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: 618–624
- Dawes G S, Rosevear S K, Pello L C, Moulden M, Redman C W. Computerized analysis of episodic changes in fetal heart rate variation in early labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: 618–624
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Research Planning Workshop. Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring: Research guidelines for interpretation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177: 1385–1390
- Low J A, Lindsay B G, Derrick E J. Threshold of metabolic acidosis associated with newborn complications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177: 1391–1394
- Majchrzak A, Chang T C, Barfield W, Eberts R, Salvendy G. Human aspects of computer-aided design. Taylor and Francis, PhiladelphiaUSA 1987
- International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Guidelines for the use of fetal monitoring. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1987; 25: 159–167
- Gilstrap L C, Hauth J C, Toussaint S. Second stage fetal heart rate abnormalities and neonatal acidosis. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 63: 209–213
- Gull I, Jaffa A, Oren M, Grisarn D, Ruben Peyser M, Lessing J B. Acid accumulation during end-stage bradycardia in term fetuses: How long is too long?. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996; 103: 1096–1101
- Piquard F, Hsiung R, Mettauer M, Schaefer A, Haberey P, Dellenbach P. The validity of fetal heart rate monitoring during the second stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72: 741–750
- Sheiner E, Hadar A, Hallak M, Katz M, Mazor M, Shoham-Yardi I. Clinical significance of fetal heart rate tracings during the second stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97: 747–752
- Low J A, Victory R, Derrick E. Predictive value of electronic fetal monitoring for intrapartum fetal asphyxia with metabolic acidosis. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93: 285–291
- Fleischer A, Schulman H, Jagani N, Mitchell J, Randolph G. The development of fetal acidosis in the presence of an abnormal fetal heart rate testing: The average for gestational age fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 144: 55–60
- Murata Y, Martin C B, Ikenoue T, Hashimoto T, Taira S, Sagawa T, Sakata H. Fetal heart rate accelerations and late decelerations during the course of intrauterine death in chronically catheterized rhesus monkeys. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 144: 218–223
- Krebs H B, Petres R E, Dunn L J. Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring. V. Fetal heart rate patterns in the second stage of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 140: 435–439
- Gilstrap L C, Hauth J C, Hankins G D, Beck A W. Second stage fetal heart rate abnormalities and type of neonatal acidemia. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70: 191–195
- Boehm F H. Prolonged end stage fetal heart rate decelerations. Obstet Gynecol 1975; 45: 579–582
- Ball R H, Parer J T. The physiologic mechanisms of variable decelerations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 1683–1688