The prevalence of occult obstetric anal sphincter injury following childbirth—literature review

References

• Swash M. Faecal incontinence. BMJ 1993; 307: 636–637
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anthony S, Buitendijk S E, Zondervan K T, van Rijessel E J, Verkerk P H. Episiotomies and the occurrence of severe perineal lacerations. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 101: 1064–1067
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bek K M, Laurberg S. Risks of anal incontinence from subsequent vaginal delivery after a complete obstetric anal sphincter tear. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99: 724–726
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crawford L A, Quint E H, Pearl M L, DeLancey J O. Incontinence following rupture of the anal sphincter during delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82: 527–531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poen A C, Felt-Bersma R J, Dekker G A, Deville W, Cuesta M A, Meuwissen S G. Third degree obstetric perineal tears: Risk factors and the preventive role of mediolateral episiotomy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 563–566
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rieger N, Wattchow D. The effect of vaginal delivery on anal function. Aust N Z J Surg 1999; 69: 172–177
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sultan A H, Kamm M A, Hudson C N, Bartram C I. Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: Risk factors and outcome of primary repair. BMJ 1994; 308: 887–891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetzschner T, Sorensen M, Lose G, Christiansen J. Anal and urinary incontinence in women with obstetric anal sphincter rupture. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996; 103: 1034–1040
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood J, Amos L, Rieger N. Third degree anal sphincter tears: Risk factors and outcome. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 38: 414–417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haadem K, Ohrlander S, Lingman G. Long-term ailments due to anal sphincter rupture caused by delivery—a hidden problem. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1988; 27: 27–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultan A H, Kamm M A, Talbot I C, Nicholls R J, Bartram C I. Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 463–465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryhammer A M, Bek K M, Laurberg S. Multiple vaginal deliveries increase the risk of permanent incontinence of flatus urine in normal premenopausal women. Dis Colon Rectum 1995; 38: 1206–1209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultan A H, Kamm M A, Hudson C N, Thomas J M, Bartram C I. Anal-sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1905–1911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly V, et al. Obstetric events leading to anal sphincter damage. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 92: 955–961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacArthur C, Bick D E, Keighley M R. Faecal incontinence after childbirth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 46–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zetterstrom J P, Lopez A, Anzen B, Dolk A, Norman M, Mellgren A. Anal incontinence after vaginal delivery: A prospective study in primiparous women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106: 324–330
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamm M A. Obstetric damage and faecal incontinence. Lancet 1994; 344: 730–733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fynes M, Donnelly V, Behan M, O'Connell P R, O'Herlihy C. Effect of second vaginal delivery on anorectal physiology and faecal continence: A prospective study. Lancet 1999; 354: 983–986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snooks S J, Swash M, Mathers S E, Henry M M. Effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor: A 5-year follow-up. Br J Surg 1990; 77: 1358–1360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snooks S J, Setchell M, Swash M, Henry M M. Injury to innervation of pelvic floor sphincter musculature in childbirth. Lancet 1984; 2: 546–550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramowitz L, Sobhani I, Ganansia R, Vuagnat A, Benifla J L, Darai E, Madelenat P, Mignon M. Are sphincter defects the cause of anal incontinence after vaginal delivery? Results of a prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 590–596, discussion 596 – 598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultan A H, Kamm M A, Bartram C I, Hudson C N. Anal sphincter trauma during instrumental delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1993; 43: 263–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell D M, Behan M, Donnelly V S, O'Herlihy C, O'Connell P R. Endosonographic assessment of postpartum anal sphincter injury using a 120 degree sector scanner. Clin Radiol 1996; 51: 559–561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandridge D A, Thorp J M, Jr, Roddenberry P, Kuller J, Wild J. Vaginal delivery is associated with occult disruption of the anal sphincter mechanism. Am J Perinatol 1997; 14: 527–533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultan A H, Johanson R B, Carter J E. Occult anal sphincter trauma following randomized forceps and vacuum delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1998; 61: 113–119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieger N, Schloithe A, Saccone G, Wattchow D. A prospective study of anal sphincter injury due to childbirth. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 950–955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma A, Gunn J, Gardiner A, Lindow S W, Duthie G S. Obstetric anal sphincter injury: Prospective evaluation of prevalence. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42: 1537–1543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frudinger A, Halligan S, Bartram C I, Spencer J A, Kamm M A. Changes in anal anatomy following vaginal delivery revealed by anal endosonography. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106: 233–237
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faltin D L, Boulvain M, Irion O, Bretones S, Stan C, Weil A. Diagnosis of anal sphincter tears by postpartum endosonography to predict fecal incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 643–647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaliha C, Sultan A H, Bland J M, Monga A K, Stanton S L. Anal function: Effect of pregnancy and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 427–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams A B, Bartram C I, Halligan S, Spencer J A, Nicholls R J, Kmiot W A. Anal sphincter damage after vaginal delivery using three-dimensional endosonography. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97: 770–775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belmonte-Montes C, Hagerman G, Vega-Yepez P A, Hernandez-de-Anda E, Fonseca-Morales V. Anal sphincter injury after vaginal delivery in primiparous females. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44: 1244–1248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazir M, Carlsen E, Nesheim B I. Do occult anal sphincter injuries, vector volume manometry and delivery variables have any predictive value for bowel symptoms after first time vaginal delivery without third and fourth degree rupture? A prospective study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002; 81: 720–726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faridi A, Willis S, Schelzig P, Siggelkow W, Schumpelick V, Rath W. Anal sphincter injury during vaginal delivery—an argument for cesarean section on request?. J Perinat Med 2002; 30: 379–387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick M, Behan M, O'Connell P R, O'Herlihy C. Randomised clinical trial to assess anal sphincter function following forceps or vacuum assisted vaginal delivery. BJOG 2003; 110: 424–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Parades V, Efienney I, Thabut D, Beaulieu S, Tawk M, Assemekang B, Marie V, Toubia M L, Wehbe A, Mosnier H, Gadonneix P, Harvey T, Atienza P. Anal sphincter injury after forceps delivery: Myth or reality? A prospective ultrasound study of 93 females. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47: 24–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen R E, Hosker G L, Smith A R, Warrell D W. Pelvic floor damage and childbirth: A neurophysiological study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97: 770–779
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donnelly V, O'Connell P R, O'Herlihy C. The influence of oestrogen replacement on faecal incontinence in postmenopausal women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 311–315
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haadem K, Dahlstrom J A, Ling L. Anal sphincter competence in healthy women: Clinical implications of age and other factors. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 823–827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett S J, Spence-Jones C, Speakman C T, Kamm M A, Hudson C N, Bartram C I. Unsuspected sphincter damage following childbirth revealed by anal endosonography. Br J Radiol 1991; 64: 225–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurberg S, Swash M. Effects of aging on the anorectal sphincters and their innervation. Dis Colon Rectum 1989; 32: 737–742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Mufti R, McCarthy A, Fisk N M. Obstetricians' personal choice and mode of delivery. Lancet 1996; 347: 544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deen K I, Kumar D, Williams J G, Olliff J, Keighley M R. Anal sphincter defects. Correlation between endoanal ultrasound and surgery. Ann Surg 1993; 218: 201–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultan A H, Stanton S L. Preserving the pelvic floor and perineum during childbirth—elective caesarean section?. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996; 103: 731–734
   PubMedGoogle Scholar