Diabetic pregnancy, maternal and fetal docosahexaenoic acid: a review of existing evidence

References

• Delgado-Noguera MF, Calvache JA, Bonfill Cosp X, Kotanidou EP, Galli-Tsinopoulou A. Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to breastfeeding mothers for improving child growth and development. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD007901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clandinin MT, Chappell JE, Leong S, et al. Intrauterine fatty acid accretion rates in human brain: implications for fatty acid requirements. Early Hum Dev. 1980;4:121–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiwani A, Marseille E, Lohse N, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus: results from a survey of country prevalence and practices. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25:600–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feig DS, Hwee J, Shah BR, et al. Trends in incidence of diabetes in pregnancy and serious perinatal outcomes: a large, population-based study in Ontario, Canada, 1996-2010. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:1590–1596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence JM, Contreras R, Chen W, Sacks DA. Trends in the prevalence of preexisting diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus among a racially/ethnically diverse population of pregnant women, 1999–2005. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:899–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standards of medical care in diabetes–2015: summary of revisions. Diabetes Care. 2015;38 Suppl:S4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollander MH, Paarlberg KM, Huisjes AJ. Gestational diabetes: a review of the current literature and guidelines. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2007;62:125–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillier TA, Pedula KL, Schmidt MM, et al. Childhood obesity and metabolic imprinting: the ongoing effects of maternal hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2287–2292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landon MB, Rice MM, Varner MW, et al. Mild gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term child health. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:445–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge MP, Casavant SG, Dias JA, McGrath JM. Reduced DHA transfer in diabetic pregnancies: mechanistic basis and long-term neurodevelopmental implications. Nutr Res. 2016;74:411–420.
   Google Scholar
• Bale TL, Baram TZ, Brown AS, et al. Early life programming and neurodevelopmental disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;68:314–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adane AA, Mishra GD, Tooth LR. Diabetes in pregnancy and childhood cognitive development: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2016;137:e20154234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min Y, Lowy C, Ghebremeskel K, et al. Unfavorable effect of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on maternal and fetal essential fatty acid status: a potential marker of fetal insulin resistance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:1162–1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghebremeskel K, Thomas B, Lowy C, et al. Type 1 diabetes compromises plasma arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in newborn babies. Lipids. 2004;39:335–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berberovic E, Ivanisevic M, Juras J, et al. Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in the blood of a mother and umbilical vein in diabetic pregnant women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26:1287–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler C, Hummel S, Pfluger M, et al. The effect of maternal T1DM on the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in infants during early life. Eur J Nutr. 2008;47:145–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radaelli T, Lepercq J, Varastehpour A, et al. Differential regulation of genes for fetoplacental lipid pathways in pregnancy with gestational and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201:209 e1–e10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min Y, Djahanbakhch O, Hutchinson J, et al. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched fish oil supplementation in pregnant women with Type 2 diabetes on membrane fatty acids and fetal body composition–double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial. Diabet Med. 2014;31:1331–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leveille P, Ardilouze JL, Pasquier JC, et al. Fatty acid profile in cord blood of neonates born to optimally controlled gestational diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2016;115:48–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee JK, Mao CS, Ross MG, et al. High oleic/stearic fatty-acid desaturation index in cord plasma from infants of mothers with gestational diabetes. J Perinatol. 2014;34:357–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao JP, Levy E, Fraser WD, et al. Circulating docosahexaenoic acid levels are associated with fetal insulin sensitivity. PloS One. 2014;9:e85054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega-Senovilla H, Alvino G, Taricco E, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus upsets the proportion of fatty acids in umbilical arterial but not venous plasma. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:120–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagan A, Prieto-Sanchez MT, Blanco-Carnero JE, et al. Materno-fetal transfer of docosahexaenoic acid is impaired by gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013;305:E826–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prieto-Sanchez MT, Ruiz-Palacios M, Blanco-Carnero JE, Pagan A, Hellmuth C, Uhl O, Peissner W, Ruiz-Alcaraz AJ, Parrilla JJ, Koletzko B, Larque E. Placental MFSD2a transporter is related to decreased DHA in cord blood of women with treated gestational diabetes. Clin Nutr. 2017;36:513–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen LN, Ma D, Shui G, et al. Mfsd2a is a transporter for the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid. Nature. 2014;509:503–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plourde M, Cunnane SC. Extremely limited synthesis of long chain polyunsaturates in adults: Implications for their dietary essentiality and use as suppements. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007;32:619–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadhwani NS, Dangat KD, Joshi AA, Joshi SR. Maternal micronutrients and omega 3 fatty acids affect placental fatty acid desaturases and transport proteins in Wistar rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2013;88:235–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larque E, Demmelmair H, Gil-Sanchez A, et al. Placental transfer of fatty acids and fetal implications. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:1908S–1913S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duttaroy AK. Transport of fatty acids across the human placenta: a review. Prog Lipid Res. 2009;48:52–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitsanis D, Ghebremeskel K, Moodley T, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus enhances arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in placental phospholipids. Lipids. 2006;41:341–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou SJ, Yelland L, McPhee AJ, et al. Fish-oil supplementation in pregnancy does not reduce the risk of gestational diabetes or preeclampsia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95:1378–1384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yessoufou A, Nekoua MP, Gbankoto A, et al. Beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated Fatty acids in gestational diabetes: consequences in macrosomia and adulthood obesity. J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015:731434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min Y, Djahanbakhch O, Hutchinson J, et al. Efficacy of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched formula to enhance maternal and fetal blood docosahexaenoic acid levels: Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Clin Nutr. 2016;35:608–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijendran V, Bendel RB, Couch SC, et al. Fetal erythrocyte phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids are altered in pregnancy complicated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Lipids. 2000;35:927–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zornoza-Moreno M, Fuentes-Hernandez S, Carrion V, et al. Is low docosahexaenoic acid associated with disturbed rhythms and neurodevelopment in offsprings of diabetic mothers? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68:931–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min Y, Lowy C, Ghebremeskel K, et al. Fetal erythrocyte membrane lipids modification: preliminary observation of an early sign of compromised insulin sensitivity in offspring of gestational diabetic women. Diabetic Med. 2005;22:914–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas BA, Ghebremeskel K, Lowy C, et al. Plasma fatty acids of neonates born to mothers with and without gestational diabetes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2005;72:335–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao JP, Levy E, Shatenstein B, et al. Longitudinal circulating concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the third trimester of pregnancy in gestational diabetes. Diabetic Med. 2016;33:939–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Scholl TO, Leskiw M, et al. Differences in maternal circulating fatty acid composition and dietary fat intake in women with gestational diabetes mellitus or mild gestational hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2049–2054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijendran V, Bendel RB, Couch SC, et al. Maternal plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy with and without gestational diabetes mellitus: relations with maternal factors. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:53–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas B, Ghebremeskel K, Lowy C, et al. Plasma AA and DHA levels are not compromised in newly diagnosed gestational diabetic women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58:1492–1497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar