4D ultrasound study of fetal facial expressions in the third trimester of pregnancy

References

• Okado N, Kakimi S, Kojima T. Synaptogenesis in the cervical cord of the human embryo: sequence of synapse formation in a spinal reflex pathway. J Comp Neurol. 1979;184:491–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okado N, Kojima T. Ontogeny of the central nervous system: neurogenesis, fibre connection, synaptogenesis and myelination in the spinal cord. In: Prechtl HFR, editor. Continuity of Neural Function from Prenatal to Postnatal Life. Oxford: Blackwell; 1984. p. 31–35.
   Google Scholar
• Joseph R. Fetal brain behavior and cognitive development. Dev Rev. 2000;20:81–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomeroy SL, Volpe JJ. Development of the nervous system. In: Polin RA, Fox WW, editors. Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. Philadelphia/London/Toronto/Montreal/Sydney/Tokyo: WB Saunders Company; 1992. p. 1491–1509.
   Google Scholar
• Pooh RK, Pooh KH. Fetal central nervous system. In: Kurjak A, Chervenak FA, editors. Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2011. p. 233–276.
   Google Scholar
• Salihagić-Kadić A, Predojevic M. What we have learned from fetal neurophysiology. DSJUOG. 2012;6:179–188.
   Google Scholar
• Klimach VJ, Cook RW. Maturation of the neonatal somatosensory evoked response in preterm infants. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1988;30:208–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiel-Tison C, Gosselin J. From neonatal to fetal neurology: some clues for interpreting fetal findings. In: Pooh RK, Kurjak A, editors. Fetal Neurology. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2009. p. 373–404.
   Google Scholar
• Kostovic I, Judas M, Rados H, et al. Laminar organization of the human fetal cerebellum revealed by histochemical markers and magnetic resonance imaging. Cereb Cortex. 2002;12:536–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groome LJ, Swiber MJ, Atterbury JL, et al. Similarities and differences in behavioral state organization during sleep periods in the perinatal infant before and after birth. Child Dev. 1997;68:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurjak A, Stanojević M, Andonotopo W, et al. Fetal behavior assessed in all three trimesters of normal pregnancy by four-dimensional ultrasonography. Croat Med J. 2005;46:772–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser GHA, Mulder EJH, Prechtl HFR. Studies on developmental neurology in the human fetus. Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1992;18:175–183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulder EJH, Visser GHA, Bekedam DJ, et al. Emergence of behavioural states in fetuses of type-1-diabetic women. Early Hum Dev. 1987;15:231–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijhuis JG, Prechtl HFR, Martin CB, Boots RSGM. Are there behavioral states in the human fetus? Early Human Dev. 1982;6:177–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Elia A, Pighetti M, Moccia G, et al. Spontaneous motor activity in normal fetuses. Early Hum Dev. 2001;65:139–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries JIP, Visser GHA, Prechtl HFR. The emergence of fetal behaviour. I. Qualitative aspects. Early Hum Dev. 1982;7:301–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries JIP, Visser GHA, Prechtl HFR. The emergence of fetal behaviour. II. Quantitative aspects. Early Hum Dev. 1985;12:99–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prechtl HF. Qualitative changes of spontaneous movements in fetus and preterm infant are a marker of neurological dysfunction. Early Hum Dev. 1990;23:151–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prechtl HF. State of the art of a new functional assessment of the young nervous system: an early predictor of cerebral palsy. Early Hum Dev. 1997;50:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prechtl HF. Is neurological assessment of the fetus possible?. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1997;75:81–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijhuis JG. Fetal behavior. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24:41–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurjak A, Stanojevic M, Andonotopo W, et al. Behavioral pattern continuity from prenatal to postnatal life – a study by four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography. J Perinat Med. 2004;32:346–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurjak A, Azumendi G, Vecek N, et al. Fetal hand movements and facial expression in normal pregnancy studied by four-dimensional sonography. J Perinat Med. 2003;31:496–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hata T, Kanenishi K, Akiyama M, Tanaka H, et al. Real-time 3-D sonographic observation of fetal facial expression. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2005;31:337–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yigiter AB, Kavak ZN. Normal standards of fetal behavior assessed by four-dimensional sonography. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006;19:707–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan F, Dai SY, Akther N, et al. Four-dimensional sonographic assessment of fetal facial expression early in the third trimester. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2006;94:108–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurjak A, Andonotopo W, Hafner T, et al. Normal standards for fetal neurobehavioral developments – longitudinal quantification by four-dimensional sonography. J Perinat Med. 2006;34:56–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurjak A, Stanojevic M, Azumendi G, et al. The potential of four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography in the assessment of fetal awareness. J Perinat Med. 2005;33:46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebit DF, Vladareanu PD. The role of 4D ultrasound in the assessment of fetal behaviour. Maedica (Buchar). 2011;6:120–127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horimoto N, Koyanagi T, Nagata S, et al. Concurrence of mouthing movement and rapid eye movement/non-rapid eye movement phases with advance in gestation of the human fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol.1989;161:344–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomon LJ, Alfirevic Z, Berghella V, ISUOG Clinical Standards Committee, et al. Practice guidelines for performance of the routine mid-trimester fetal ultrasound scan. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;37:116–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa Y, Iwamura T, Kuriya N, et al. Birth size standards by gestational age for Japanese neonates. Acta Neonat Jpn. 1998;34:624–632.
   Google Scholar
• Sato M, Kanenishi K, Hanaoka U, et al. 4D ultrasound study of fetal facial expressions at 20-24 weeks of gestation. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2014;126:275–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanenishi K, Hanaoka U, Noguchi J, et al. 4D ultrasound evaluation of fetal facial expressions during the latter stages of the second trimester. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2013;121:257–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hata T, Dai SY, Marumo G. Ultrasound for evaluation of fetal neurobehaviour development: from 2-D to 4-D ultrasound. Inf Child Develop. 2010;1:99–118.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuda K, Stem JA, Brown TB, Russo MB. Cognition, blinks, eye movements, and pupillary movements during performance of a running memory task. Aviat Space Envir MD. 2005;76:C75–C85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siegle GJ, Ichikawa N, Steinhauer S. Blink before and after you think: blinks occur prior to and following cognitive load indexed by pupillary responses. Psychophysiology. 2008;45:679–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodfish J, Powell S, Golden R, et al. Blink rate as an index of dopamine function in adults with mental retardation and repetitive movement disorders. Am J Ment Retard. 1995;99:335–344.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kleven MS, Koek W. Differential effects of direct and indirect dopamine agonists on eye blink rate in cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996;279:1211–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driebach G, Muller J, Goschke T, et al. Dopamine and cognitive control: the influence of spontaneous eyeblink rate and dopamine gene polymorphism on perseveration and distractibility. Behav Neurosci. 2005;119:483–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colzato LS, van den Wildenberg WPM, van Wouwe NC, et al. Dopamine and inhibitory action control: evidence from spontaneous eye blink rates. Exp Brain Res. 2009;196:467–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roodenburg PJ, Wladimiroff JW, van Es A, et al. Classification and quantitative aspects of fetal movements during the second half of normal pregnancy. Early Hum Dev. 1991;25:19–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reissland N, Francis B, Manson J. Development of fetal yawn compared with non-yawn mouth openings from 24–36 weeks gestation. PLoS One. 2012;7:e50569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giganti F, Hayes MJ, Cioni G, et al. Yawning frequency and distribution in preterm and near term infants assessed throughout 24-h recordings. Infant Behav Dev. 2007;30:641–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walusinski O, Kurjak A, Andonotopo W, et al. Fetal yawning assessed by 3D and 4D sonography. Ultrasound Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2005;5:210–217.
   Google Scholar
• Reissland N, Francis B, Mason J. Can healthy fetuses show facial expressions of “pain” or “distress”? PLoS One. 2013;8:e65530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hata T, Kanenishi K, AboEllail MAM, et al. Fetal consciousness: four-dimensional ultrasound study. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015;9:471–474.
   Google Scholar
• Stafstrom CE, Johnston D, Wehner JM, et al. Spontaneous neural activity in fetal brain reaggregate culture. Neuroscience. 1980;5:1681–1689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakami F, Yanaihara T. Smiles in the fetal period. Infant Behav Dev. 2012;35:466–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reissland N, Mason C, Schaal B, et al. Prenatal mouth movements: can we identify co-ordinated fetal mouth and lip actions necessary for feeding? Int J Pediatr. 2012;2012:848596.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar