References
- Norman AW. From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(2):491S–499S.
- Holick MF. The vitamin D epidemic and its health consequences. J Nutr. 2005;135(11):2739S–2748S.
- Holick MF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(3):362–371.
- Dawodu A, Wagner CL. Mother–child vitamin D deficiency: an international perspective. Arch Dis Child. 2007;92(9):737–740.
- Shin JS, Choi MY, Longtine MS, et al. Vitamin D effects on pregnancy and the placenta. Placenta. 2010;31(12):1027–1034.
- Lapillonne A. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may impair maternal and fetal outcomes. Med Hypotheses. 2010;74(1):71–75.
- McGrath J. Does “imprinting” with low prenatal vitamin D contribute to the risk of various adult disorders? Med Hypotheses. 2001;56(3):367–371.
- Noff D, Edelstein S. Vitamin D and its hydroxylated metabolites in the rat. Placental and lacteal transport, subsequent metabolic pathways and tissue distribution. Horm Res. 1978;9(5):292–300.
- Young BE, McNanley TJ, Cooper EM, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent and vitamin D is inversely associated with parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in pregnant adolescents. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(1):177–186.
- Weisman Y, Harell A, Edelstein S, et al. 1 Alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in vitro synthesis by human decidua and placenta. Nature. 1979;281(5729):317–319.
- Weisman Y, Sapir R, Harell A, et al. Maternal-perinatal interrelationships of vitamin D metabolism in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1976;428(2):388–395.
- Sunaga S, Horiuchi N, Takahashi N, et al. The site of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production in pregnancy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1979;90(3):948–955.
- Liu NQ, Hewison M. Vitamin D, the placenta and pregnancy. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012;523(1):37–47.
- American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(Suppl1):S88–S90.
- Atli T, Gullu S, Uysal AR, et al. The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency and effects of ultraviolet light on Vitamin D levels in elderly Turkish population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2005;40(1):53–60.
- Hall LM, Kimlin MG, Aronov PA, et al. Vitamin D intake needed to maintain target serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in participants with low sun exposure and dark skin pigmentation is substantially higher than current recommendations. J Nutr. 2010;140(3):542–550.
- Joo NS, Dawson-Hughes B, Kim YS, et al. Impact of calcium and vitamin D insufficiencies on serum parathyroid hormone and bone mineral density: analysis of the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV-3, 2009 and KNHANES V-1, 2010). J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(4):764–770.
- Clifton-Bligh RJ, McElduff P, McElduff A. Maternal vitamin D deficiency, ethnicity and gestational diabetes. Diabet Med. 2008;25(6):678–684.
- Burris HH, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman K, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207(3):182.e1–182.e8.
- Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, et al. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(5):820–825.
- Sung CC, Liao MT, Lu KC, et al. Role of vitamin D in insulin resistance. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:634195.
- Cho GJ, Hong SC, Oh MJ, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in gestational diabetes mellitus and the role of the placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;209(6):560.e1–560.e8.
- Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Zmuda JM, et al. Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with small-for-gestational age births in white women. J Nutr. 2010;140(5):999–1006.
- Burris HH, Rifas-Shiman SL, Camargo CA Jr, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D during pregnancy and small-for-gestational age in black and white infants. Ann Epidemiol. 2012;22(8):581–586.
- Gernand AD, Simhan HN, Klebanoff MA, et al. Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and measures of newborn and placental weight in a U.S. multicenter cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(1):398–404.
- Leffelaar ER, Vrijkotte TG, van Eijsden M. Maternal early pregnancy vitamin D status in relation to fetal and neonatal growth: results of the multi-ethnic Amsterdam Born Children and their Development cohort. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(1):108–117.
- Nobles CJ, Markenson G, Chasan-Taber L. Early pregnancy vitamin D status and risk for adverse maternal and infant outcomes in a bi-ethnic cohort: the Behaviors Affecting Baby and You (B.A.B.Y.) *Study. Br J Nutr. 2015;114(12):2116–2128.
- Wei SQ, Qi HP, Luo ZC, et al. Maternal vitamin D status and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26(9):889–899.
- Weinert LS, Reichelt AJ, Schmitt LR, et al. Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes in gestational diabetes. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164999.
- Singh RJ, Taylor RL, Reddy GS, et al. C-3 epimers can account for a significant proportion of total circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants, complicating accurate measurement and interpretation of vitamin D status. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(8):3055–3061.
- Ooms N, van Daal H, Beijers AM, et al. Time-course analysis of 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 shows markedly elevated levels in early life, particularly from vitamin D supplementation in preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 2016;79(4):647–653.
- Jung IK. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Korea: results from KNHANES 2010 to 2011. J Nutr Health. 2013;46(6):540–551.
- Choi HS, Oh HJ, Choi H, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency in Korea: a greater threat to younger generation: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(3):643–651.
- Choi HS. Vitamin D status in Korea. Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28(1):12–16.
- Delvin EE, Glorieux FH, Salle BL, et al. Control of vitamin D metabolism in preterm infants: feto-maternal relationships. Arch Dis Child. 1982;57(10):754–757.
- Halicioglu O, Aksit S, Koc F, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and their neonates in spring time in western Turkey. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012;26(1):53–60.
- Haddow JE, Neveux LM, Palomaki GE, et al. The relationship between PTH and 25-hydroxy vitamin D early in pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011;75(3):309–314.
- Zhang C, Qiu C, Hu FB, et al. Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3753.