References
- Kim CJ, Romero R, Chaemsaithong P, et al. Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(4 Suppl):S29–S52.
- Romero R, Pacora P, Kusanovic JP, et al. Clinical chorioamnionitis at term X: microbiology, clinical signs, placental pathology, and neonatal bacteremia – implications for clinical care. J Perinat Med. 2021;49(3):275–298.
- Juber BA, Elgin TG, Fricke EM, et al. A murine model of fetal exposure to maternal inflammation to study the effects of acute chorioamnionitis on newborn intestinal development. J Vis Exp. 2020;160:10.3791/61464.
- Korbage de Araujo MC, Schultz R, do R, Dias de Oliveira L, et al. A risk factor for early-onset infection in premature newborns: invasion of chorioamniotic tissues by leukocytes. Early Hum Dev. 1999;56(1):1–15.
- Aziz N, Cheng YW, Caughey AB. Neonatal outcomes in the setting of preterm premature rupture of membranes complicated by chorioamnionitis. J Matern Fetal Neonat Med. 2009;22(9):780–784.
- Lau J, Magee F, Qiu Z, et al. Chorioamnionitis with a fetal inflammatory response is associated with higher neonatal mortality, morbidity, and resource use than chorioamnionitis displaying a maternal inflammatory response only. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(3):708–713.
- Wu YW. Systematic review of chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy. Mental Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2002;8(1):25–29.
- Been JV, Lievense S, Zimmermann LJ, et al. Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr. 2013;162(2):236–242.e2.
- Park HW, Choi YS, Kim KS, et al. Chorioamnionitis and patent ductus arteriosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138114.
- Zhang H, Wang Y, Li S, et al. SOCS3 protects against neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis via suppressing NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation and p65 nuclear translocation. Mol Immunol. 2020;122:21–27.
- Neu J, Walker WA. Necrotizing enterocolitis. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(3):255–264.
- Garcia-Munoz Rodrigo F, Galan Henriquez G, Figueras Aloy J, et al. Outcomes of very-low-birth-weight infants exposed to maternal clinical chorioamnionitis: a multicentre study. Neonatology. 2014;106(3):229–234.
- Elgin TG, Fricke EM, Gong H, et al. Fetal exposure to maternal inflammation interrupts murine intestinal development and increases susceptibility to neonatal intestinal injury. Dis Model Mech. 2019;12(10):dmm040808.
- Jung E, Romero R, Yeo L, et al. The fetal inflammatory response syndrome: the origins of a concept, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and obstetrical implications. Semin Fetal Neonat Med. 2020;25(4):101146.
- Warner BB, Deych E, Zhou Y, et al. Gut bacteria dysbiosis and necrotising enterocolitis in very low birthweight infants: a prospective case-control study. Lancet. 2016;387(10031):1928–1936.
- La Rosa PS, Warner BB, Zhou Y, et al. Patterned progression of bacterial populations in the premature infant gut. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111(34):12522–12527.
- Claud EC, Keegan KP, Brulc JM, et al. Bacterial community structure and functional contributions to emergence of health or necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Microbiome. 2013;1(1):20.
- Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, et al. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(237):237ra65–237ra65.
- DiGiulio DB, Romero R, Amogan HP, et al. Microbial prevalence, diversity and abundance in amniotic fluid during preterm labor: a molecular and culture-based investigation. PLoS One. 2008;3(8):e3056.
- Elgin TG, Kern SL, McElroy SJ. Development of the neonatal intestinal microbiome and its association with necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Ther. 2016;38(4):706–715.
- Wolfs TG, Buurman WA, Zoer B, et al. Endotoxin induced chorioamnionitis prevents intestinal development during gestation in fetal sheep. PLoS One. 2009;4(6):e5837.
- Wolfs TG, Kramer BW, Thuijls G, et al. Chorioamnionitis-induced fetal gut injury is mediated by direct gut exposure of inflammatory mediators or by lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014;306(5):G382–93.
- Nikiforou M, Vanderlocht J, Chougnet CA, et al. Prophylactic interleukin-2 treatment prevents fetal gut inflammation and injury in an ovine model of chorioamnionitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(9):2026–2038.
- Chiu CJ, McArdle AH, Brown R, et al. Intestinal mucosal lesion in low-flow states. I. A morphological, hemodynamic, and metabolic reappraisal. Arch Surg. 1970;101(4):478–483.
- Fu J, Lv H, Chen F. Diversity and variation of bacterial community revealed by MiSeq sequencing in Chinese dark teas. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0162719.
- Capaldo CT, Powell DN, Kalman D. Layered defense: how mucus and tight junctions seal the intestinal barrier. J Mol Med. 2017;95(9):927–934.
- Allaire JM, Crowley SM, Law HT, et al. The intestinal epithelium: central coordinator of mucosal immunity. Trends Immunol. 2018;39(9):677–696.
- Kim Y, West GA, Ray G, et al. Layilin is critical for mediating hyaluronan 35kDa-induced intestinal epithelial tight junction protein ZO-1 in vitro and in vivo. Matrix Biol. 2018;66:93–109.
- Ravisankar S, Tatum R, Garg PM, et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis leads to disruption of tight junctions and increase in gut permeability in a mouse model. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18(1):372.
- Bein A, Eventov-Friedman S, Arbell D, et al. Intestinal tight junctions are severely altered in NEC preterm neonates. Pediatr Neonatol. 2018;59(5):464–473.
- Giannone PJ, Schanbacher BL, Bauer JA, et al. Effects of prenatal lipopolysaccharide exposure on epithelial development and function in newborn rat intestine. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;43(3):284–290.
- Fricke EM, Elgin TG, Gong H, et al. Lipopolysaccharide-induced maternal inflammation induces direct placental injury without alteration in placental blood flow and induces a secondary fetal intestinal injury that persists into adulthood. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2018;79(5):e12816.
- Nikiforou M, Jacobs EMR, Kemp MW, et al. Intra-amniotic Candida albicans infection induces mucosal injury and inflammation in the ovine fetal intestine. Sci Rep. 2016;6:29806.
- Romick-Rosendale LE, Legomarcino A, Patel NB, et al. Prolonged antibiotic use induces intestinal injury in mice that is repaired after removing antibiotic pressure: implications for empiric antibiotic therapy. Metabolomics. 2014;10(1):8–20.
- Hooper LV, Midtvedt T, Gordon JI. How host-microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine. Annu Rev Nutr. 2002;22:283–307.
- Puri K, Taft DH, Ambalavanan N, et al. Association of chorioamnionitis with aberrant neonatal gut colonization and adverse clinical outcomes. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0162734.
- Arboleya S, Sanchez B, Solis G, et al. Impact of prematurity and perinatal antibiotics on the developing intestinal microbiota: a functional inference study. IJMS. 2016;17(5):649.
- Lueschow SR, Stumphy J, Gong H, et al. Loss of murine Paneth cell function alters the immature intestinal microbiome and mimics changes seen in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0204967.
- Lin PW, Nasr TR, Stoll BJ. Necrotizing enterocolitis: recent scientific advances in pathophysiology and prevention. Semin Perinatol. 2008;32(2):70–82.