Hepatic infarction, hematoma, and rupture in HELLP syndrome: support for a vasospastic hypothesis

References

• Weinstein L. Syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count: a severe consequence of hypertension in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;142:159–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard JA, Weisman R, Jr, Ratnoff OD, et al. Intravascular hemolysis, thrombocytopenia and other hematologic abnormalities associated with severe toxemia of pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1954;250:89–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodlin RC. Severe pre-eclampsia: another great imitator. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976;125:747–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Tolub R, Rabinovich A, Kachko E, et al. Placental abruption as a trigger of DIC in women with HELLP syndrome: a population-based study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;1–11. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1818200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisonkova S, Razaz N, Sabr Y, et al. Maternal risk factors and adverse birth outcomes associated with HELLP syndrome: a population-based study. BJOG: Int J Obstet Gy. 2020;127(10):1189–1198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westbrook RH, Dusheiko G, Williamson C. Pregnancy and liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;64:933–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haram K, Svendsen E, Abildgaard U. The HELLP syndrome: clinical issues and management. A Review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009;9(1):8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sibai BM, Ramadan MK, Chari RS, et al. Pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets): subsequent pregnancy outcome and long-term prognosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172:125–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan CA, Magann EF, Perry KG, Jr, et al. The recurrence risk of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) in subsequent gestations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;171(4):940–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han GH, Kim MA. Recurrent spontaneous hepatic rupture in pregnancy: a case report. Medicine. 2018;97:e11458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady CW. Liver disease in pregnancy: what’s new. Hepatol Commun. 2020;4:145–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shames BD, Fernandez LA, Sollinger HW, et al. Liver transplantation for HELLP syndrome. Liver Transpl. 2005;11:224–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey LC, Fontana RJ, Aday A, et al. Acute liver failure (ALF) in pregnancy: how much is pregnancy related? Hepatology. 2020;72:1366–1377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibai BM, Ramadan MK, Usta I, et al. Maternal morbidity and mortality in 442 pregnancies with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP syndrome). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169(4):1000–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen Y, Yang B, Huang Q, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in pregnancy: a retrospective series of 36 patients from mainland China. Ir J Med Sci. 2017;186:699–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin JN, Jr., Brewer JM, Wallace K, et al. Hellp syndrome and composite major maternal morbidity: importance of Mississippi classification system. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26(12):1201–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hizkiyahu R, Rabinovich A, Thachil J, et al. Modified ISTH pregnancy-specific DIC score in parturients with liver rupture: population-based case series. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(15):2517–2523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ch’ng CL, Morgan M, Hainsworth I, et al. Prospective study of liver dysfunction in pregnancy in Southwest Wales. Gut. 2002;51:876–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen AM, Kim WR, Larson JJ, et al. The epidemiology of liver diseases unique to pregnancy in a US community: a population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(2):287–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubey S, Rani J. Hepatic rupture in preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome: a catastrophic presentation. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;59:643–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin TH, Lien YR, Lee CN. HELLP syndrome with postpartum hepatic infarction and subcapsular bleeding. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;91:637–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikolajczyk AE, Renz J, Diaz G, et al. Massive hepatic infarction caused by HELLP syndrome. ACG Case Rep J. 2017;4:e81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshihara M, Mayama M, Ukai M, et al. Fulminant liver failure resulting from massive hepatic infarction associated with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2016;42:1375–1378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Q, Yang Z, Guo J, et al. Hepatic infarction induced by HELLP syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18:191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan J, Della Torre M, Whelan AR, et al. A case of massive hepatic infarction in a patient with HELLP syndrome. AJP Rep. 2019;9:e84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarmento SG, Santana EF, Campanharo FF, et al. Microcirculation approach in HELLP syndrome complicated by posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and massive hepatic infarction. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2014;2014:389680.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El Allani L, Benlamkaddem S, Berdai MA, et al. case of massive hepatic infarction in severe preeclampsia as part of the HELLP syndrome. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;36:78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perronne L, Dohan A, Bazeries P, et al. Hepatic involvement in HELLP syndrome: an update with emphasis on imaging features. Abdom Imaging. 2015;40:2839–2849.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradke D, Tran A, Ambarus T, et al. Grade III subcapsular liver hematoma secondary to HELLP syndrome: a case report of conservative management. Case Rep Womens Health. 2020;25:e00169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Srinivasa S, Lee WG, Aldameh A, et al. Spontaneous hepatic haemorrhage: a review of pathogenesis, aetiology and treatment. HPB. 2015;17:872–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatelli M, Comai A. Spontaneous rupture of the liver in a patient admitted for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2015;6C:15–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pauzner R, Dulitzky M, Carp H, et al. Hepatic infarctions during pregnancy are associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome and in addition with complete or incomplete HELLP syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1:1758–1763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Yee C, Kuk JY, et al. Hepatic infarction in a pregnant woman with antiphospholipid syndrome and triple antibody positivity: a case report focusing on catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2016;59:397–402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lautt WW, Greenway CV. Conceptual review of the hepatic vascular bed. Hepatology. 1987;7:952–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reho JJ, Zheng X, Fisher SA. Smooth muscle contractile diversity in the control of regional circulations. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2014;306:H163–H172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapper EB, Sengupta N, Bonder A. The incidence and outcomes of ischemic hepatitis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2015;128:1314–1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallmann A, Ince I, Meyer M, et al. Gestation-specific changes in the anatomy and physiology of healthy pregnant women: an extended repository of model parameters for physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in pregnancy. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017;56:1303–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapp JF, 3rd, Stepanchak W, Tomaselli J, et al. Portal vein blood flow-effects of pregnancy, gravity, and exercise. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:167–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakai A, Sekiya I, Oya A, et al. Assessment of the hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flows during pregnancy with Doppler ultrasonography. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2002;266:25–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nasr A, Nafeh H. Decreased hepatic perfusion in patients with HELLP syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;29:624–627.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawabata I, Nakai A, Takeshita T. Prediction of HELLP syndrome with assessment of maternal dual hepatic blood supply by using Doppler ultrasound. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2006;274:303–309.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Tokunaga N, Isoda H, et al. Vasospasms are characteristic in cases with eclampsia/preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome: proposal of an angiospastic syndrome of pregnancy. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2001;27:131–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereboom IT, Lisman T, Porte RJ. Platelets in liver transplantation: friend or foe? Liver Transpl. 2008;14:923–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lautt WW, Greenway CV, Legare DJ, et al. Localization of intrahepatic portal vascular resistance. Am J Physiol. 1986;251:G375–G381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Lieshout L, Koek GH, Spaanderman MA, et al. Placenta derived factors involved in the pathogenesis of the liver in the syndrome of haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP): a review. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2019;18:42–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ives CW, Sinkey R, Rajapreyar I, et al. Preeclampsia-pathophysiology and clinical presentations: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:1690–1702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jena MK, Sharma NR, Petitt M, et al. Pathogenesis of preeclampsia and therapeutic approaches targeting the placenta. Biomolecules. 2020;10(6):953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowska E, Stefanska K, Zielinski M, et al. Podocytes-the most vulnerable renal cells in preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(14):5051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreurs MP, Houston EM, May V, et al. The adaptation of the blood-brain barrier to vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor during pregnancy. FASEB J. 2012;26(1):355–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada T, Kimura A, Kanki K, et al. Liver resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) share several functional antigens in common with endothelial cells. Scand J Immunol. 2016;83:139–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar