349
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Myasthenia gravis and covid-19 in pregnancy: a review of the literature and case series report

, &
Pages 8308-8316 | Received 02 Aug 2021, Accepted 24 Aug 2021, Published online: 28 Sep 2021

References

  • Bansal R, Goyal MK, Modi M. Management of myasthenia gravis during pregnancy. Indian J Pharmacol. 2018;50(6):302–308.
  • Je G, Ghasemi M. Myasthenia gravis and pregnancy. WJOG. 2020;9(1):1–10.
  • Oertelt-Prigione S. The influence of sex and gender on the immune response. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(6–7):A479–A485.
  • Leker RR, Karni A, Brenner T, et al. Effects of sex hormones on experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Eur J Neurol. 2000;7(2):203–206.
  • Li Y, Xiao B, Xiao L, et al. Myasthenia gravis accompanied by premature ovarian failure and aggravation by estrogen. Intern Med. 2010;49(6):611–613.
  • WHO official updates | Coronavirus disease 2019 [cited 2021 July 12]. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports.
  • Jaretzki A, 3rd, Barohn RJ, Ernstoff RM, et al. Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards. Task force of the medical scientific advisory board of the myasthenia gravis foundation of america. Neurology. 2000;55(1):16–23.
  • National consensus protocol. http://ww w.nevrologiabg.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Consensus-Myasthenia-Gravis-BG.pdf (Bulgarian).
  • Shimabukuro TT, Kim SY, Myers TR, et al. Preliminary findings of mRNA covid-19 vaccine safety in pregnant persons. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(24):2273–2282.
  • Gilhus NE. Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(26):2570–2581.
  • Carr AS, Cardwell CR, McCarron PO, et al. A systematic review of population based epidemiological studies in myasthenia gravis. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:46.
  • Ferrero S, Esposito F, Biamonti M, et al. Myasthenia gravis during pregnancy. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008;8(6):979–988.
  • Djelmis J, Sostarko M, Mayer D, et al. Myasthenia gravis in pregnancy and birth: report on 69 cases. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2002;104(1):21–25.
  • Ducci RD, Lorenzoni PJ, Kay CS, et al. Clinical follow-up of pregnancy in myasthenia gravis patients. Neuromuscul Disord. 2017;27(4):352–357.
  • Hoff JM, Daltveit AK, Gilhus NE. Myasthenia gravis in pregnancy and birth: identifying risk factors, optimising care. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14(1):38–43.
  • Dominovic-Kovacevic A, Ilic T, Vukojevic Z. Myasthenia gravis and pregnancy – case report. Curr Top Neurol Psychiatr Relat Discip. 2010;18:40–43.
  • Sanders DB, Wolfe GI, Benatar M, et al. International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis: executive summary. Neurology. 2016;87(4):419–425.
  • Cozzani E, Cioni M, Gariazzo L, et al. The management of autoimmune diseases in preconception, pregnancy and lactation. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2019;154(3):299–304.
  • Hammad I, Porter TF. An update on biologic agents during pregnancy. Clin Perinatol. 2020;47(4):733–742.
  • Thai TN, Sarayani A, Wang X, et al. Risk of pregnancy loss in patients exposed to mycophenolate compared to azathioprine: a retrospective cohort study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2020;29(6):716–724.
  • Ferrero S, Pretta S, Nicoletti A, et al. Myasthenia gravis: management issues during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005;121(2):129–138.
  • Gur C, Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, et al. Pregnancy outcome after first trimester exposure to corticosteroids: a prospective controlled study. Reprod Toxicol. 2004;18(1):93–101.
  • Park-Wyllie L, Mazzotta P, Pastuszak A, et al. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology. 2000;62(6):385–392.
  • Gaudier FL, Santiago-Delpin E, Rivera J, et al. Pregnancy after renal transplantation. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1988;167(6):533–543.
  • Schinzel H, Berghoff K, Beuermann I, et al. Anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin) in plasmapheresis therapy: initial experience. Transfusion. 2006;46(4):624–629.
  • D'Souza R, Malhamé I, Teshler L, et al. A critical review of the pathophysiology of thrombotic complications and clinical practice recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant patients with COVID-19. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020;99(9):1110–1120.
  • Chow JH, Khanna AK, Kethireddy S, et al. Aspirin use is associated with decreased mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission, and in-hospital mortality in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Anesth Analg. 2021;132(4):930–941.
  • Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, HLH Across Speciality Collaboration, UK, et al. HLH across speciality collaboration, UK. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033–1034.
  • Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Meher S, et al. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2019(2):CD004659.
  • Askie LM, Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, et al. Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. PARIS collaborative group. Lancet. 2007;369(9575):1791–1798.
  • Henderson JT, Whitlock EP, O'Connor E, et al. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive services task force. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(10):695–703.
  • Ahrens KA, Silver RM, Mumford SL, et al. Complications and safety of preconception low-dose aspirin among women with prior pregnancy losses. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(4):689–698.
  • University of Oxford. Recovery; randomised evaluation of COVID-19 therapy. [2021 July 30] https://www.recoverytrial.net/.
  • Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, et al. Remdesivir for the treatment of covid-19 — final report. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(19):1813–1826.
  • Pan H, Peto R, Karim QA, et al. Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19 – interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:497–511.
  • Jiménez-Lozano I, Caro-Teller JM, Fernández-Hidalgo N, et al. Safety of tocilizumab in COVID-19 pregnant women and their newborn: a retrospective study. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2021;46(4):1062–1070.
  • Furtado RHM, Berwanger O, Fonseca HA, et al. Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19 in Brazil (COALITION II): a randomised clinical trial. The Lancet. 2020;396(10256):959–967.
  • Costamagna G, Abati E, Bresolin N, et al. Management of patients with neuromuscular disorders at the time of the SARS- CoV- 2 pandemic. J Neurol. 2020;17:1–12.
  • Camelo- Filho AE, Silva AMS, Estephan EP, et al. Myasthenia gravis and COVID- 19: clinical characteristics and outcomes. Front Neurol. 2020;11:1053.
  • Aksoy E, Oztutgan T. COVID-19 presentation in association with myasthenia gravis: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2020; 2020:8845844.
  • Ozcan J, Balson IF, Dennis AT. New diagnosis myasthenia gravis and preeclampsia in late pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015:bcr2014208323.
  • Cosma S, Carosso AR, Cusato J, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 and first-trimester spontaneous abortion: a case-control study of 225 pregnant patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224(4):391.e1–e7.
  • Almeida C, Coutinho E, Moreira D, et al. Myasthenia gravis and pregnancy: anaesthetic management-a series of cases. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2010;27(11):985–990.
  • Hassoun M, El Turjuman U, Chokr I, et al. Myasthenia gravis in the neonate. NeoReviews. 2010;11(4):e200–e205.
  • Rottenstreich A, Tsur A, Braverman N, et al. Vaginal delivery in SARS-CoV-2-infected pregnant women in Israel: a multicenter prospective analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021;303(6):1401–1405.
  • Ferrazzi E, Frigerio L, Savasi V, et al. Vaginal delivery in SARS-CoV-2-infected pregnant women in Northern Italy: a retrospective analysis. BJOG: Int J Obstet Gy. 2020;127(9):1116–1121.
  • Gately R, San A, Kurtkoti J, et al. Life-threatening pregnancy-associated atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome and its response to eculizumab. Nephrology. 2017;22(Suppl 1):32–35.
  • Midelfart Hoff J, Midelfart A. Maternal myasthenia gravis: a cause for arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. J Child Orthop. 2015;9(6):433–435.
  • Norwood F, Dhanjal M, Hill M, et al. Myasthenia in pregnancy: best practice guidelines from a U.K. multispecialty working group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(5):538–543.
  • World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2020.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.