Reference standards for facial measurements in early third trimester South African fetuses, and the effect of maternal and fetal characteristics

References

• Lange S, Probst C, Gmel G, et al. Global prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among children and youth: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(10):948–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viljoen D, Louw JG, Lombard C, et al. Comparing diagnostic outcomes of children with fetal alcohol syndrome in South Africa with diagnostic outcomes when using the updated institute of medicine diagnostic guidelines. Birth Defects Res. 2018;110(17):1335–1342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zelop CM, Milewski E, Brault K, et al. Variation of fetal nasal bone length in second-trimester fetuses according to race and ethnicity. J. Ultrasound Med. 2005;24(11):1487–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dukes K, Burd L, Elliott A, the PASS Network, et al. The safe passage study: design, methods, recruitment, and follow-up approach. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 2014;28:1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dukes K, Tripp T, Willinger M, the P. Network, et al. Drinking and smoking patterns during pregnancy: development of group-based trajectories in the safe passage study. Alcohol. 2017;62:49–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geerts L, Poggenpoel E, Theron G. A comparison of pregnancy dating methods commonly used in South Africa: a prospective study. S Afr Med J. 2013;103(8):552–556.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Villar LC, Ismail CG, Victora EO, International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century (INTERGROWTH-21st) International standards for newborn weight, length, and head circumference by gestational age and sex: the newborn Cross-Sectional study of the INTERGROWTH-21st project. Lancet. 2014;384(9946):857–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergann A, Bamberg C, Eder K, et al. Mid-facial anthropometry in second-trimester fetuses with trisomy 21: a three-dimensional ultrasound study. Prenat Diagn. 2006;26(2):158–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jong-Pleij ED, Ribbert L, Tromp E, et al. Three-dimensional multiplanar ultrasound is a valuable tool in the study of the fetal profile in the second trimester of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010;35(2):195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos F, De Jong-Pleij E, Ribbert L, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging and measurement of nasal bone length, prenasal thickness and frontomaxillary facial angle in normal second- and third-trimester fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012;39(6):636–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bojikian KD, De Moura CR, Tavares IM, et al. Fetal ocular measurements by three-dimensional ultrasound. J Aapos. 2013;17(3):276–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman N, Melcer Y, Levinsohn-Tavor O, et al. Prenatal ultrasound charts of orbital total axial length measurement (TAL): a valuable data for correct fetal eye malformation assessment. Prenat Diagn. 2015;35(6):558–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeanty P, Dramaix-Wilmet M, Van Gansbeke D, et al. Fetal ocular biometry by ultrasound. Radiology. 1982;143(2):513–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XB, Kasprian G, Hodge JC, et al. Fetal ocular measurements by MRI. Prenat Diagn. 2010;30(11):1064–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein I, Tamir A, Zimmer EZ, et al. Growth of the fetal orbit and lens in normal pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1998;12(3):175–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquette LB, Jackson HA, Tavaré CJ, et al. In utero eye development documented by fetal MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(9):1787–1791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivilevitch Z, Salomon LJ, Benoit B, et al. Fetal interlens distance: normal values during pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010;36(2):186–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tournemire A, Groussolles M, Ehlinger V, et al. Prenasal thickness to nasal bone length ratio: effectiveness as a second or third trimester marker for down syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2015;191:28–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko HS, Lee U, Choi SK, et al. Nasolabial dimensions of the facial profile at 20 to 37 weeks’ gestation on 2- and 3-dimensional sonography in normal Korean fetuses. J Ultrasound Med. 2013;32(4):617–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein I, Tamir A, Weiner Z, et al. Dimensions of the fetal facial profile in normal pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010;35(2):191–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gull I, Wolman I, Merlob P, et al. Nomograms for the sonographic measurement of the fetal philtrum and Chin. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2005;20(2):127–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung LK, Chan YM, Jayaratne YSN, et al. Three-dimensional cephalometric norms of Chinese adults in Hong Kong with balanced facial profile. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;112(2):e56–e73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celebi AA, Kau CH, Ozaydin B. Three-dimensional anthropometric evaluation of facial morphology. J Craniofac Surg. 2017;28(5):e470–e474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neelapu BC, Kharbanda OP, Sardana V, et al. Automatic localization of three-dimensional cephalometric landmarks on CBCT images by extracting symmetry features of the skull. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2018;47(2):20170054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko HS, Lee U-Y, Choi SK, et al. Craniofacial inclination at 14 to 39 weeks’ gestation in normal Korean fetuses. J Ultrasound Med. 2012;31(4):569–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achiron R, Kreiser D, Achiron A. Axial growth of the fetal eye and evaluation of the hyaloid artery: in utero ultrasonographic study. Prenat Diagn. 2000;20(11):894–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilmen G, Köktener A, Turhan NO, et al. Growth of the fetal lens and orbit. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2002;76(3):267–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson AJ, Blaser S, Toi A, et al. MRI of the fetal eyes: Morphologic and biometric assessment for abnormal development with ultrasonographic and clinicopathologic correlation. Pediatr Radiol. 2008;38(9):971–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukonpan K, Phupong V. Fetal ocular distance in normal pregnancies. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91:1318–1322.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tongsong T, Wanapirak C, Jesadapornchai S, et al. Fetal binocular distance as a predictor of menstrual age. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1992;38(2):87–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trout T, Budorick NE, Pretorius DH, et al. Significance of orbital measurements in the fetus. J Ultrasound Med. 1994;13(12):937–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velasco-Annis C, Gholipour A, Afacan O, et al. Normative biometrics for fetal ocular growth using volumetric MRI reconstruction. Prenat Diagn. 2015;35(4):400–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu WH, Tung TH, Chen YS, et al. Normative curves of fetal nasal bone length for the ethnic Chinese population. Ir J Med Sci. 2011;180(1):73–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez R, Aedo S, Dezerega V, et al. Frontonasal fold thickness-to-nasal bone length ratio as a prenatal sonographic marker for trisomy 21 in a low-risk population. J Ultrasound Med. 2013;32(5):795–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guis F, Ville Y, Vincent Y, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of the length of the fetal nasal bones throughout gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1995;5(5):304–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonek J, McKenna D, Webb D, et al. Nasal bone length throughout gestation: normal ranges based on 3537 fetal ultrasound measurements. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;21(2):152–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabó A, Szili K, Szabó JT, et al. Nasal bone length: prenasal thickness ratio: a strong 2D ultrasound marker for Down syndrome. Prenat Diagn. 2014;34(12):1139–1145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazdi B, Sonek J, Oettling C, et al. Prefrontal space ratio in second- and third-trimester screening for trisomy 21. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;41(3):262–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Boogert A, de Jong-Pleij E, Ribbert L, et al. Facial shape; height and width in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(4):555–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivan Y, Merlob P, Reisner S. Philtrum length, intercommissural distance, and ear measurements in newborn infants. J Med Genet. 1983;22(5):414–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jong-Pleij ED, Ribbert L, Manten G, et al. Maxilla-nasion-mandible angle: a new method to assess profile anomalies in pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;37(5):562–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu J, Sahota DS, Poon LC, et al. Objective assessment of the fetal facial profile at second and third trimester of pregnancy. Prenat Diagn. 2019;39(2):107–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnholz JC. Ultrasonic fetal ophthalmology. Early Hum Dev. 1985;12(2):199–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odeh M, Feldman Y, Degani S, et al. Fetal eyeball volume: relationship to gestational age and biparietal diameter. Prenat Diagn. 2009;29(8):749–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malas MA, Üngör B, Tağıl SM, et al. Determination of dimensions and angles of mandible in the fetal period. Surg Radiol Anat. 2006;28(4):364–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esenlik E, Sener EH, Yılmaz HH, et al. Cephalometric investigation of craniomaxillofacial structures during the prenatal period: a cadaver study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;145(2):217–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada T, Mori Y, Minami K, et al. Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology in normal Japanese children as control data for cleft surgery. Cleft Palate-Craniofacial J. 2002;39(5):517–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas MD, Pfaff MJ, Tonn J, et al. Normal nasolabial anatomy in infants younger than 1 year of age. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2013;131:574–581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medeiros AMC, Santos KCF, do Santi VN, et al. Orofacial anthropometric measures in full-term newborns. Codas. 2019;31(6):e20180261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siyah Bilgin B, Uygur Ö, Terek D, et al. Reference values of anthropometric measurements in healthy late preterm and term infants. Turk J Med Sci. 2018;48(4):862–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar