Preeclampsia and postpartum mental health: mechanisms and clinical implications

References

• Bokslag A, van Weissenbruch M, Mol BW, et al. Preeclampsia; short and long-term consequences for mother and neonate. Early Hum Dev. 2016;102:47–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caropreso L, de Azevedo Cardoso T, Eltayebani M, et al. Preeclampsia as a risk factor for postpartum depression and psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2020;23(4):493–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postma IR, Groen H, Easterling TR, et al. The brain study: cognition, quality of life and social functioning following preeclampsia; an observational study. Pregnancy Hypertens Int J Womens Cardiovasc Health. 2013;3(4):227–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepan H, Hund M, Andraczek T. Combining biomarkers to predict pregnancy complications and redefine preeclampsia: the angiogenic-placental syndrome. Hypertension. 2020;75(4):918–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amburgey OA, Chapman AC, May V, et al. Plasma from preeclamptic women increases blood-brain barrier permeability: role of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling. Hypertension. 2010;56(5):1003–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrington JP, Drummond HA, Granger JP, et al. Placental ischemia-induced increases in brain water content and cerebrovascular permeability: role of TNF-α. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015;309(11):R1425–R1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postma IR, Bouma A, de Groot JC, et al. Cerebral white matter lesions, subjective cognitive failures, and objective neurocognitive functioning: a follow-up study in women after hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2016;38(5):585–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mommersteeg PMC, Drost JT, Ottervanger JP, et al. Long-term follow-up of psychosocial distress after early onset preeclampsia: the preeclampsia risk EValuation in FEMales cohort study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2016;37(3):101–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaugler-Senden IPM, Duivenvoorden HJ, Filius A, et al. Maternal psychosocial outcome after early onset preeclampsia and preterm birth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(3):272–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porcel J, Feigal C, Poye L, et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and risk of screening positive for posttraumatic stress disorder: a cross-sectional study. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2013;3(4):254–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rep A, Ganzevoort W, Bonsel GJ, et al. Psychosocial impact of early-onset hypertensive disorders and related complications in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197(2):158.e1–158–e6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adank MC, Hussainali RF, Oosterveer LC, et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and cognitive impairment: a prospective cohort study. Neurology. 2021;96(5):e709–e728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cetin O, Ozdemir PG, Kurdoglu Z, et al. Investigation of maternal psychopathological symptoms, dream anxiety and insomnia in preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(20):2510–2515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Ding Z, Liu H, et al. Association between mental stress and gestational hypertension/preeclampsia: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2013;68(12):825–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva LM, Coolman M, Steegers EA, et al. Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for preeclampsia: the generation R study. J Hypertens. 2008;26(6):1200–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor CL, Stewart RJ, Howard LM. Relapse in the first three months postpartum in women with history of serious mental illness. Schizophr Res. 2019;204:46–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurdakul Z, Akman I, Kuşçu MK, et al. Maternal psychological problems associated with neonatal intensive care admission. Int J Pediatr. 2009;2009:591359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Paula Eduardo JAF, de Rezende MG, Menezes PR, et al. Preterm birth as a risk factor for postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2019;259:392–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhard IM, van Rij M, Boullart I, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder after pre-eclampsia: an exploratory study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2002;24(4):260–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahendra V, Clark SL, Suresh MS. Neuropathophysiology of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a review of cerebral hemodynamic principles in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2021;23:104–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton AM, Shao Q, Paauw ND, et al. Postpartum increases in cerebral edema and inflammation in response to placental ischemia during pregnancy. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;70:376–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najjar S, Pearlman DM, Devinsky O, et al. Neurovascular unit dysfunction with blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability contributes to major depressive disorder: a review of clinical and experimental evidence. J Neuroinflammation. 2013;10:142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak TA, Drndarski S, Stone JM, et al. The blood–brain barrier in psychosis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(1):79–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace K, Bean C, Bowles T, et al. Hypertension, anxiety, and blood-brain barrier permeability are increased in postpartum severe preeclampsia/hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome rats. Hypertension. 2018;72(4):946–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman L, Åkerud H, Wikström AK, et al. Cerebral biomarkers in women with preeclampsia are still elevated 1 year postpartum. Am J Hypertens. 2016;29(12):1374–1379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evers KS, Atkinson A, Barro C, et al. Neurofilament as neuronal injury blood marker in preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2018;71(6):1178–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burwick RM, Togioka BM, Speranza RJ, et al. Assessment of blood-brain barrier integrity and neuroinflammation in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221(3):269.e1–269.e8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donzis EJ, Tronson NC. Modulation of learning and memory by cytokines: signaling mechanisms and long term consequences. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2014;115:68–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne JL, Maguire J. Pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in postpartum depression. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2019;52:165–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passos IC, Vasconcelos-Moreno MP, Costa LG, et al. Inflammatory markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2(11):1002–1012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard B, Maes M. Mechanistic explanations how cell-mediated immune activation, inflammation and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways and their sequels and concomitants play a role in the pathophysiology of unipolar depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012;36(2):764–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siepmann T, Boardman H, Bilderbeck A, et al. Long-term cerebral white and gray matter changes after preeclampsia. Neurology. 2017;88(13):1256–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Leonards CO, Sterzer P, et al. White matter lesions and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;56:56–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Wu M, Liao Y, et al. Grey matter reduction associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;43:163–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filley CM, Fields RD. White matter and cognition: making the connection. J Neurophysiol. 2016;116(5):2093–2104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarkowski E, Tullberg M, Fredman P, et al. Correlation between intrathecal sulfatide and TNF-alpha levels in patients with vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2003;15(4):207–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lizano PL, Yao JK, Tandon N, et al. Association of sFlt-1 and worsening psychopathology in relatives at high risk for psychosis: a longitudinal study. Schizophr Res. 2017;183:75–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay VR, Cahill LS, Hanif A, et al. Adult Pgf−/− mice behaviour and neuroanatomy are altered by neonatal treatment with recombinant placental growth factor. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cindrova-Davies T, Sanders DA, Burton GJ, et al. Soluble FLT1 sensitizes endothelial cells to inflammatory cytokines by antagonizing VEGF receptor-mediated signalling. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;89(3):671–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walshe TE, Saint-Geniez M, Maharaj ASR, et al. TGF-beta is required for vascular barrier function, endothelial survival and homeostasis of the adult microvasculature. PLOS One. 2009;4(4):e5149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatesha S, Toporsian M, Lam C, et al. Soluble endoglin contributes to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Nat Med. 2006;12(6):642–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bean C, Spencer SK, Pabbidi MR, et al. Peripheral anti-angiogenic imbalance during pregnancy impairs myogenic tone and increases cerebral edema in a rodent model of HELLP syndrome. Brain Sci. 2018;8(12):216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abedian Z, Soltani N, Mokhber N, et al. Depression and anxiety in pregnancy and postpartum in women with mild and severe preeclampsia. Iranian J Nursing Midwifery Res. 2015;20(4):454–459.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stramrood CAI, van der Velde J, Doornbos B, et al. The patient observer: eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing for the treatment of posttraumatic stress following childbirth. Birth. 2012;39(1):70–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asghari E, Faramarzi M, Mohammmadi AK. The effect of cognitive behavioural therapy on anxiety, depression and stress in women with preeclampsia. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(11):QC04–QC07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abazarnejad T, Ahmadi A, Nouhi E, et al. Effectiveness of psycho-educational counseling on anxiety in preeclampsia. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2019;41(3):276–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poel YHM, Swinkels P, de Vries JI. Psychological treatment of women with psychological complaints after pre-eclampsia. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2009;30(1):65–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder R. Integrating psychotherapy with obstetrics and gynaecology. Nutr Health. 2007;19(1–2):77–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leeners B, Rath W, Kuse S, et al. Satisfaction with medical information in women with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. J Psychosom Res. 2006;60(1):39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolnik DL, Wright D, Poon LC, et al. Aspirin versus placebo in pregnancies at high risk for preterm preeclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):613–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar