References
- Silver RM, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, et al. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(6):1226–1232.
- Rosenstein MG, Chang S, Sakowski C, et al. Hospital quality improvement interventions, statewide policy initiatives, and rates of cesarean delivery for nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex births in California. JAMA. 2021;325(16):1631–1639.
- Petersen EE, Davis NL, Goodman D, et al. Vital signs: pregnancy-related deaths, United States, 2011–2015, and strategies for prevention, 13 states, 2013–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(18):423–429.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Severe maternal morbidity in the United States; 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/severematernalmorbidity.html
- Main EK, Goffman D, Scavone BM, et al. National partnership for maternal safety: consensus bundle on obstetric hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(1):155–162.
- Begley CM, Gyte GM, Devane D, et al. Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2:CD007412.
- Pettker CM. Standardization of intrapartum management and impact on adverse outcomes. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2011;54(1):8–15.
- Pergialiotis V, Bellos I, Antsaklis A, et al. Daskalakis G maternal and neonatal outcomes following a prolonged second stage of labor: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;252:62–69.
- Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. Practice bulletin no. 183: postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(4):e168–e186.
- Miller L. Intrapartum fetal monitoring: liability and documentation. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2011;54(1):50–55.
- Ausbeck EB, Jennings SF, Champion M, et al. Perinatal outcomes with longer second stage of labor: a risk analysis comparing expectant management to operative intervention. Am J Perinatol. 2020;37(12):1201–1207.
- Laughon K, Berghella V, Reddy UM, et al. Neonatal and maternal outcomes with prolonged second stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(1):57–67.
- Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. ACOG practice bulletin no. 198: prevention and management of obstetric lacerations at vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(3):e87–e102.
- Beckmann MM, Stock OM. Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013:CD005123.
- Aasheim V, Nilsen ABV, Reinar LM, et al. Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 6:CD006672.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Obstetric care consensus no. 1: safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2014; 123:693. Reaffirmed 2016.
- Quantitative blood loss in obstetric hemorrhage. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 794. American college of obstetricians and gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134:e150–6.