References
- ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 202: Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2019; 133(1):e1–e25.
- Ananth CV, Basso O. Impact of pregnancy-induced hypertension on stillbirth and neonatal mortality. Epidemiology. 2010;21(1):118–123.
- Data on Selected Pregnancy Complications in the United States. 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregnancy-complications-data.htm
- Leeman L, Dresang L, Fontaine P. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am Fam Physician. 2016;93(2):121–127.
- Shahul S, Tung A, Minhaj M, et al. Racial disparities in comorbidities, complications, and maternal and fetal outcomes in women with preeclampsia/eclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2015;34(4):506–515.
- Barton BC, Barton JR, O'Brien JM, et al. Mild gestational hypertension: Differences in ethnicity are associated with altered outcomes in women who undergo outpatient treatment. Am J Obstetr Gynecol. 2002;186(5):896–898.
- Singh GK, Siahpush M, Liu L, et al. Racial/ethnic, nativity, and sociodemographic disparities in maternal hypertension in the United States, 2014-2015. Int J Hypertens. 2018;2018:7897189.
- Stevens W, Shih T, Incerti D, et al. Short-term costs of preeclampsia to the United States health care system. Am J Obstetr Gynecol. 2017;217(3):237–248. e216.
- Gong J, Savitz DA, Stein CR, et al. Maternal ethnicity and pre-eclampsia in New York city, 1995-2003. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012;26(1):45–52.
- Goodwin AA, Mercer BM. Does maternal race or ethnicity affect the expression of severe preeclampsia? Am J Obstetr Gynecol. 2005;193(3):973–978.
- Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Pandita A, Miller EC, et al. Preeclampsia outcomes at delivery and race. J Mater Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;33(21):1–8.
- Zhang J, Meikle S, Trumble A. Severe maternal morbidity associated with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy in the United States. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2003;22(2):203–212.
- Breathett K, Muhlestein D, Foraker R, et al. Differences in preeclampsia rates between african american and caucasian women: trends from the national hospital discharge survey. J Womens Health. 2014;23(11):886–893.
- Bhattacharya S, Campbell D, Smith N. Preeclampsia in the second pregnancy: does previous outcome matter? Obstetr Gynecol Survey. 2009;64(9):577–579.
- Brown MA, Mackenzie C, Dunsmuir W, et al. Can we predict recurrence of pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension? BJOG. 2007;114(8):984–993.
- Zhang J, Troendle JF, Levine RJ. Risks of hypertensive disorders in the second pregnancy. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2001;15(3):226–231.
- Laszlo KD, Liu XQ, Svensson T, et al. Psychosocial stress related to the loss of a close relative the year before or during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2013;62(1):183–189.
- Yu Y, Zhang S, Mallow EB, et al. The combined association of psychosocial stress and chronic hypertension with preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;209(5):438.e1–438.e12.
- Caplan M, Keenan-Devlin LS, Freedman A, et al. Lifetime psychosocial stress exposure associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am J Perinatol. 2021;38(13):1412–1419.
- National Center for Health Statistics: Data File Documentations, Natality, 2013-2017. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland.
- [Accessed 13 Feb 2020]. http://www.nber.org/data/vital-statistics-natality-data.html
- Lamb EH. The impact of previous perinatal loss on subsequent pregnancy and parenting. J Perinat Educ. 2002;11(2):33–40.
- Armstrong DS. Impact of prior perinatal loss on subsequent pregnancies. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2004;33(6):765–773.
- Leeners B, Neumaier-Wagner P, Kuse S, et al. Emotional stress and the risk to develop hypertensive diseases in pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2007;26(2):211–226.
- Schneider S, Freerksen N, Maul H, et al. Risk groups and maternal-neonatal complications of preeclampsia-current results from the national German Perinatal Quality Registry. J Perinat Med. 2011;39(3):257–265.
- Coussons-Read ME. Effects of prenatal stress on pregnancy and human development: mechanisms and pathways. Obstet Med. 2013;6(2):52–57.
- Coussons-Read ME, Okun ML, Schmitt MP, et al. Prenatal stress alters cytokine levels in a manner that may endanger human pregnancy. Psychosom Med. 2005;67(4):625–631.
- Coussons-Read ME, Okun ML, Nettles CD. Psychosocial stress increases inflammatory markers and alters cytokine production across pregnancy. Brain Behav Immun. 2007;21(3):343–350.