References
- Woolf SH, Chapman DA, Lee JH. COVID-19 as the leading cause of death in the United States. JAMA. 2021;325(2):123–124.
- CDC. COVIDView summary ending January 2, 2021 [Internet]; 2021 [cited 2021 Feb 26]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covidview/past-reports/01082021.html
- CDC. Investigating the impact of COVID-19 during pregnancy [Internet]; 2021 [cited 2021 Feb 25]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/special-populations/pregnancy-data-on-covid-19/what-cdc-is-doing.html
- CDC. Vaccination considerations for people who are pregnant or breastfeeding [Internet]; 2021 [cited 2021 Mar 4]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/pregnancy.html
- Kreis N-N, Ritter A, Louwen F, et al. A message from the human placenta: structural and immunomodulatory defense against SARS-CoV-2. Cells. 2020;9(8):1777. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9081777.
- Minkoff H. You don't have to be infected to suffer: COVID-19 and racial disparities in severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Am J Perinatol. 2020;37(10):1052–1054.
- Gildner TE, Thayer ZM. Maternal and child health during the COVID-19 pandemic: contributions in the field of human biology. Am J Hum Biol. 2020;32(5):e23494.
- Preis H, Mahaffey B, Heiselman C, et al. Vulnerability and resilience to pandemic-related stress among U.S. women pregnant at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Soc Sci Med. 2020;266:113348.
- McLemore MR, Altman MR, Cooper N, et al. Health care experiences of pregnant, birthing and postnatal women of color at risk for preterm birth. Soc Sci Med. 2018;201:127–135.
- Lopez L, 3rd, Hart LH, 3rd, Katz MH. Racial and ethnic health disparities related to COVID-19. JAMA. 2021;325(8):719–720.
- Miller EC, Zambrano Espinoza MD, Huang Y, et al. Maternal race/ethnicity, hypertension, and risk for stroke during delivery admission. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e014775.
- WHO | Equity; 2011 [cited 2021 Feb 25]. Available from: https://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/equity/en/
- Onwuzurike C, Meadows AR, Nour NM. Examining inequities associated with changes in obstetric and gynecologic care delivery during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;136(1):37–41.
- Lemke MK, Brown KK. Syndemic perspectives to guide black maternal health research and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Matern Child Health J. 2020;24(9):1093–1098.
- Oecd, OECD, World Health Organization, et al. Delivering quality health services: a global imperative [Internet]; 2018. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264300309-en
- Evans T, Brown H. Road traffic crashes: operationalizing equity in the context of health sector reform. Inj Control Saf Promot. 2003;10(1–2):11–12.
- O'Neill J, Tabish H, Welch V, et al. Applying an equity lens to interventions: using PROGRESS ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67(1):56–64.
- PROGRESS-Plus [Internet] [cited 2021 Feb 25]. Available from: https://methods.cochrane.org/equity/projects/evidence-equity/progress-plus
- Evans J, Mwangi N, Burn H, et al. Equity was rarely considered in cochrane eyes and vision systematic reviews and primary studies on cataract. J Clin Epidemiol. 2020;125:57–63.
- Petrisor B, Bhandari M. The hierarchy of evidence: levels and grades of recommendation. Indian J Orthop. 2007;41(1):11–15.
- Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008.
- Yeshitila YG, Desta M, Kebede A. Obstructed labor and its association with adverse feto-maternal outcome in Ethiopia: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2021;10(1):57.
- Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and Meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):336–341.
- World bank country and lending groups – world bank data help desk [Internet] [cited 2021 Feb 25]. Available from: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519
- Lorenz RC, Matthias K, Pieper D, et al. A psychometric study found AMSTAR 2 to be a valid and moderately reliable appraisal tool. J Clin Epidemiol. 2019;114:133–140.
- Papapanou M, Papaioannou M, Petta A, et al. Maternal and neonatal characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in pregnancy: an overview of systematic reviews. IJERPH. 2021;18(2):596.
- Khalil A, Kalafat E, Benlioglu C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical features and pregnancy outcomes. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;25:100446.
- Allotey J, Stallings E, Bonet M, et al. Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m3320.
- Vermeer P, Kregting J. Religion and the transmission of COVID-19 in The Netherlands. Religions. 2020;11(8):393.
- DeFranza D, Lindow M, Harrison K, et al. Religion and reactance to COVID-19 mitigation guidelines. Am Psychol. 2020;76(5):744–754.
- Molteni F, Ladini R, Biolcati F, et al. Searching for comfort in religion: insecurity and religious behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Eur Soc. 2021;23(sup1):S704–S720.
- Bellos I, Pandita A, Panza R. Maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women infected by SARS-CoV-2: a meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2021;256:194–204.
- Jafari M, Pormohammad A, Sheikh Neshin SA, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 and comparison with control patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(5):e2208–e2216.
- Thomas TL, DiClemente R, Snell S. Overcoming the triad of rural health disparities: how local culture, lack of economic opportunity, and geographic location instigate health disparities. Health Educ J. 2014;73(3):285–294.
- Braveman PA, Cubbin C, Egerter S, et al. Socioeconomic status in health research: one size does not fit all. JAMA. 2005;294(22):2879–2888.
- Silva LM, Coolman M, Steegers EA, et al. Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for preeclampsia: the generation R study. J Hypertens. 2008;26(6):1200–1208.
- Singh GK. Trends and social inequalities in maternal mortality in the United States, 1969–2018. Int J MCH Aids. 2021;10(1):29–42.
- Jeong W, Jang S-I, Park E-C, et al. The effect of socioeconomic status on all-cause maternal mortality: a nationwide population-based cohort study. IJERPH. 2020;17(12):4606.
- Small MJ, Allen TK, Brown HL. Global disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality. Semin Perinatol. 2017;41(5):318–322.
- Muñoz-Price LS, Nattinger AB, Rivera F, et al. Racial disparities in incidence and outcomes among patients with COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2021892.
- Glover RE, van Schalkwyk MCI, Akl EA, et al. A framework for identifying and mitigating the equity harms of COVID-19 policy interventions. J Clin Epidemiol. 2020;128:35–48.
- Dubey P, Reddy SY, Manuel S, et al. Maternal and neonatal characteristics and outcomes among COVID-19 infected women: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;252:490–501.
- ACOG. Female age-related fertility decline. Committee opinion no. 589. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123:719–721.
- Norholt H. Revisiting the roots of attachment: a review of the biological and psychological effects of maternal skin-to-skin contact and carrying of full-term infants. Infant Behav Dev. 2020;60:101441.
- Melo G. C D, Araújo K. C G M D. de. COVID-19 infection in pregnant women, preterm delivery, birth weight, and vertical transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cad Saude Publica. 2020;36(7):e00087320.
- Trippella G, Ciarcià M, Ferrari M, et al. COVID-19 in pregnant women and neonates: a systematic review of the literature with quality assessment of the studies. Pathogens. 2020;9(6):485.
- CDC. Using telehealth to expand access to essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]; 2020 [cited 2021 Mar 23]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/telehealth.html
- Boelig RC, Saccone G, Bellussi F, et al. MFM guidance for COVID-19. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020;2(2):100106.
- Scott Kruse C, Karem P, Shifflett K, et al. Evaluating barriers to adopting telemedicine worldwide: a systematic review. J Telemed Telecare. 2018;24(1):4–12.
- Paul M, Leibovici L. Systematic review or meta-analysis? Their place in the evidence hierarchy. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(2):97–100.