Physiological CTG categorization in types of hypoxia compared with MRI and neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with HIE

References

• Gale C, Statnikov Y, Jawad S, et al. Neonatal brain injuries in England: population-based incidence derived from routinely recorded clinical data held in the national neonatal research database. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2018;103(4):F301–F306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papile LA, Baley JE, Benitz W, et al. Hypothermia and neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 2014;133(6):1146–1150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Therapeutic hypothermia with intracorporeal temperature monitoring for hypoxic perinatal brain injury | Guidance | NICE; 2010 [cited 2021 May 20]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg347/chapter/2-The-procedure
   Google Scholar
• Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Ehrenkranz RA, et al. Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(15):1574–1584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzopardi DV, Strohm B, Edwards AD, et al. Moderate hypothermia to treat perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(14):1349–1358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfirevic Z, Devane D, Gyte GM, et al. Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2(2):CD006066.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The early notification scheme progress report. NHS resolution; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Each Baby Counts – 2015 full report. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Mohan M, Ramawat J, La Monica G, et al. Electronic intrapartum fetal monitoring: a systematic review of international clinical practice guidelines. AJOG Glob Rep. 2021;1(2):100008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santo S, Ayres-de-Campos D, Costa-Santos C, et al. Agreement and accuracy using the FIGO, ACOG and NICE cardiotocography interpretation guidelines. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2017;96(2):166–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farquhar CM, Armstrong S, Masson V, et al. Clinician identification of birth asphyxia using intrapartum cardiotocography among neonates with and without encephalopathy in New Zealand. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(2):e1921363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaeli J, Srebnik N, Zilberstein Z, et al. Intrapartum fetal monitoring and perinatal risk factors of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021;303(2):409–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugwumadu A. Are we (mis)guided by current guidelines on intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring? Case for a more physiological approach to interpretation. BJOG. 2014;121(9):1063–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandraharan E, Evans SA, Krueger D, et al. Intrapartum foetal monitoring guideline. Physiological CTG interpretation; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Pinas A, Chandraharan E. Continuous cardiotocography during labour: analysis, classification and management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;30:33–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira S, Chandraharan E. Recognition of chronic hypoxia and pre-existing foetal injury on the cardiotocograph (CTG): urgent need to think beyond the guidelines. Porto Biomed J. 2017;2(4):124–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gibb D, Arulkumaran S. Control of the fetal heart and NICE guidelines. In: Fetal monitoring in practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Shah DK, Ponnusamy V, Evanson J, et al. Raised plasma neurofilament light protein levels are associated with abnormal MRI outcomes in newborns undergoing therapeutic hypothermia. Front Neurol. 2018;9:86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponnusamy V, Kapellou O, Yip E, et al. A study of microRNAs from dried blood spots in newborns after perinatal asphyxia: a simple and feasible biosampling method. Pediatr Res. 2016;79(5):799–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tharmapoopathy P, Chisholm P, Barlas A, et al. In clinical practice, cerebral MRI in newborns is highly predictive of neurodevelopmental outcome after therapeutic hypothermia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020;25:127–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK TOBY cooling register clinician's handbook; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Galli L, Dall'Asta A, Whelehan V, et al. Intrapartum cardiotocography patterns observed in suspected clinical and subclinical chorioamnionitis in term fetuses. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2019;45(12):2343–2350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira S, Lau K, Modestini C, et al. Absence of fetal heart rate cycling on the intrapartum cardiotocograph (CTG) is associated with intrapartum pyrexia and lower Apgar scores. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2021;22:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford M, Ramenghi LA, Edwards AD, et al. Assessment of brain tissue injury after moderate hypothermia in neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy: a nested substudy of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(1):39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghei SK, Zan E, Nathan JE, et al. MR imaging of hypoxic-ischemic injury in term neonates: pearls and pitfalls. Radiographics. 2014;34(4):1047–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennie J, Rosenbloom L. How long have we got to get the baby out? A review of the effects of acute and profound intrapartum hypoxia and ischaemia. Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;13(3):169–174.
   Google Scholar
• Ingemarsson I, Arulkumaran S, Ingemarsson E, et al. Admission test: a screening test for fetal distress in labor. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;68(6):800–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray DM, O'Riordan MN, Horgan R, et al. Fetal heart rate patterns in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: relationship with early cerebral activity and neurodevelopmental outcome. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26(8):605–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson M, Ågren J, Nordén-Lindeberg S, et al. Neonatal encephalopathy and the association to asphyxia in labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211(6):667.e1–667.e8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatham SS, Whelehan V, Archer A, et al. Types of intrapartum hypoxia on the cardiotocograph (CTG): do they have any relationship with the type of brain injury in the MRI scan in term babies? J Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;40(5):688–693.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Myers RE. Four patterns of perinatal brain damage and their conditions of occurrence in primates. Adv Neurol. 1975;10:223–234.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allison BJ, Brain KL, Niu Y, et al. Altered cardiovascular defense to hypotensive stress in the chronically hypoxic fetus. Hypertension. 2020;76(4):1195–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh P, Emary K, Impey L. The relationship between umbilical cord arterial pH and serious adverse neonatal outcome: analysis of 51,519 consecutive validated samples. BJOG. 2012;119(7):824–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu EH, Mandel V, Huet C, et al. Maternal risk factors for adverse outcome in asphyxiated newborns treated with hypothermia: parity and labor duration matter. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2021;34(24):4123–4131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundgren C, Brudin L, Wanby AS, et al. Ante- and intrapartum risk factors for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(12):1595–1601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheidegger S, Held U, Grass B, et al. Association of perinatal risk factors with neurological outcome in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2021;34(7):1020–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar