The relationship between falling insulin requirements and serial ultrasound measurements in women with preexisting diabetes: a prospective cohort study

References

• International Diabetes Federation. IDF diabetes atlas. 10th ed. Brussels, Belgium: IDF; 2021. Available from https://www.diabetesatlas.org.
   Google Scholar
• Padmanabhan S, Lee VW, Mclean M, et al. The association of falling insulin requirements with maternal biomarkers and placental dysfunction: a prospective study of women with preexisting diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(10):1323–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padmanabhan S, McLean M, Cheung NW. Falling insulin requirements are associated with adverse obstetric outcomes in women with preexisting diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(10):2685–2692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devoe LD, Gardner P, Dear C, et al. The significance of increasing umbilical artery systolic-diastolic ratios in third-trimester pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80(4):684–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudinger BJ, Cook CM, Giles WB, et al. Umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms in high-risk pregnancy. Randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1987;1(8526):188–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zen M, Padmanabhan S, Zhang K, et al. Urinary and serum angiogenic markers in women with preexisting diabetes during pregnancy and their role in preeclampsia prediction. Diabet Care. 2020;43(1):67–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycemia first detected in pregnancy. Geneva: WHO; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• DiMeglio LA, Evans-Molina C, Oram RA. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet (London, England). 2018;391(10138):2449–2462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadlock FP, Harrist RB, Martinez-Poyer J. In utero analysis of fetal growth: a sonographic weight standard. Radiology. 1991;181(1):129–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadlock FP, Harrist RB, Sharman RS, et al. Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head, body, and femur measurements–a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;151(3):333–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riyami N, Walker MG, Proctor LK, et al. Utility of head/abdomen circumference ratio in the evaluation of severe early-onset intrauterine growth restriction. J Obstetr Gynaecol Can. 2011;33(7):715–719.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kofinas AD, Espeland MA, Penry M, et al. Uteroplacental Doppler flow velocity waveform indices in normal pregnancy: a statistical exercise and the development of appropriate reference values. Am J Perinatol. 1992;9(2):94–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acharya G, Wilsgaard T, Berntsen GK, et al. Reference ranges for serial measurements of umbilical artery Doppler indices in the second half of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(3):937–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson B, McDonnell M, Palermo N, et al. Falling insulin requirement in late pregnancy: association with obstetric and neonatal outcomes. J Perinatol. 2021;41(5):1043–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram M, Feinmesser L, Shinar S, et al. The importance of declining insulin requirements during pregnancy in patients with pre-gestational gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017;215:148–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maulik DEV, Mundy D, Heitmann E, et al. Evidence-based approach to umbilical artery Doppler fetal surveillance in high-risk pregnancies: an update. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010;53(4):869–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsdorp VHM, van Vugt JMG, van Geijn HP, et al. Clinical significance of absent or reversed end diastolic velocity waveforms in umbilical artery. Lancet. 1994;344(8938):1664–1668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfirevic Z, Stampalija T, Dowswell T. Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6(6):Cd007529.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baschat AA. Fetal growth restriction - from observation to intervention. J Perinat Med. 2010;38(3):239–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maulik D, Lysikiewicz A, Sicuranza G. Umbilical arterial Doppler sonography for fetal surveillance in pregnancies complicated by pregestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002;12(6):417–422.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong SF, Chan FY, Cincotta RB, et al. Use of umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry in the monitoring of pregnancy in women with pre-existing diabetes. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(4):302–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone FD, Steel JM, Haddad NG, et al. Doppler umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms in diabetic pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992;99(2):135–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reece EA, Homko CJ, Wiznitzer A. Doppler velocimetry and the assessment of fetal well-being in normal and diabetic pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1994;4(6):508–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracero LA, Figueroa R, Byrne DW, et al. Comparison of umbilical Doppler velocimetry, nonstress testing, and biophysical profile in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. J Ultrasound Med. 1996;15(4):301–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunewald C, Divon M, Lunell NO. Doppler velocimetry in last trimester pregnancy complicated by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1996;75(9):804–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadda GM, Cherchi PL, D’Antona D, et al. Umbilical artery pulsatility index in pregnancies complicated by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus without hypertension. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2001;51(3):173–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukowski R, Burgett AD, Gei A, et al. Impairment of fetal growth potential and neonatal encephalopathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188(4):1011–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilliod RA, Cheng YW, Snowden JM, et al. The risk of intrauterine fetal death in the small-for-gestational-age fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207(4):318 e1–318 e6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold AE, Reilly R, Little J, et al. The effect of glycemic control in the pre-conception period and early pregnancy on birth weight in women with IDDM. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(4):535–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey E, Attie C, Bonin A. The effects of first-trimester diabetes control on the incidence of macrosomia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181(1):202–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyne-Grzebalski D, Wood L, Marshall SM, et al. Episodic hyperglycaemia in pregnant women with well-controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus: a major potential factor underlying macrosomia. Diabet Med. 1999;16(8):702–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittle W, Chaddha V, Wyatt P, et al. Ultrasound detection of placental insufficiency in women with ‘unexplained’ abnormal maternal serum screening results. Clin Genet. 2006;69(2):97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar