Ultrasonographic evaluation of the fetal thymic-thoracic ratio in preeclampsia

References

• COG Practice Bulletin No. 202: gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(1):1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rana S, Lemoine E, Granger JP, et al. Preeclampsia: pathophysiology, challenges, and perspectives. Circ Res. 2019;124(7):1094–1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthiesen L, Berg G, Ernerudh J, et al. Immunology of preeclampsia. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2005;89:49–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eviston DP, Quinton AE, Benzie RJ, et al. Impaired fetal thymic growth precedes clinical preeclampsia: a case-control study. J Reprod Immunol. 2012;94(2):183–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangshewinsirikul C, Panburana P. Sonographic measurement of fetal thymus size in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. J Clin Ultrasound. 2017;45(3):150–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier AY, Smith LA, Karumanchi SA. Review of the immune mechanisms of preeclampsia and the potential of immune modulating therapy. Hum Immunol. 2021;82(5):362–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldenhauer LM, Schjenken JE, Hope CM, et al. Thymus-derived regulatory T cells exhibit Foxp3 epigenetic modification and phenotype attenuation after mating in mice. J Immunol. 2019;203(3):647–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santner-Nanan B, Peek MJ, Khanam R, et al. Systemic increase in the ratio between Foxp3+ and IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells in healthy pregnancy but not in preeclampsia. J Immunol. 2009;183(11):7023–7030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu P, Santner-Nanan B, Dahlstrom JE, et al. Altered decidual DC-SIGN + antigen-presenting cells and impaired regulatory T-cell induction in preeclampsia. Am J Pathol. 2012;181(6):2149–2160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santner-Nanan B, Straubinger K, Hsu P, et al. Fetal-maternal alignment of regulatory T cells correlates with IL-10 and Bcl-2 upregulation in pregnancy. J Immunol. 2013;191(1):145–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed N, Eviston DP, Quinton AE, et al. Smaller fetal thymuses in pre-eclampsia: a prospective cross-sectional study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;37(4):410–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basaran OE, Guvendag Guven ES, Guven S. First trimester fetal thymus volume may predict preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2021;26:116–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC, et al. The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018;13:291–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaoui R, Heling KS, Lopez AS, et al. The thymic-thoracic ratio in fetal heart defects: a simple way to identify fetuses at high risk for microdeletion 22q11. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;37(4):397–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musilova I, Hornychova H, Kostal M, et al. Ultrasound measurement of the transverse diameter of the fetal thymus in pregnancies complicated by the preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J Clin Ultrasound. 2013;41(5):283–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekin A, Gezer C, Taner CE, et al. Prognostic value of fetal thymus size in ıntrauterine growth restriction. J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35(3):511–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yinon Y, Zalel Y, Weisz B, et al. Fetal thymus size as a predictor of chorioamnionitis in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2007;29(6):639–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cromi A, Ghezzi F, Raffaelli R, et al. Ultrasonographic measurement of thymus size in IUGR fetuses: a marker of the fetal immunoendocrine response to malnutrition. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;33(4):421–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghalandarpoor-Attar SN, Borna S, Ghalandarpoor-Attar SM, et al. Measuring fetal thymus size: a new method for diabetes screening in pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(7):1157–1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dörnemann R, Koch R, Möllmann U, et al. Fetal thymus size in pregnant women with diabetic diseases. J Perinat Med. 2017;45(5):595–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki Y, Darmochwal-Kolarz D, Suzuki D, et al. Proportion of peripheral blood and decidual CD4(+) CD25(bright) regulatory T cells in pre-eclampsia. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007;149(1):139–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toldi G, Vásárhelyi ZE, Rigó J Jr, et al. Prevalence of regulatory T-cell subtypes in preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2015;74(2):110–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu M, Eviston D, Hsu P, et al. Decreased maternal serum acetate and impaired fetal thymic and regulatory T cell development in preeclampsia. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):3031.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li L, Bahtiyar MO, Buhimschi CS, et al. Assessment of the fetal thymus by two- and three-dimensional ultrasound during normal human gestation and in fetuses with congenital heart defects. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;37(4):404–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Leon-Luis J, Ruiz Y, Gamez F, et al. Comparison of measurements of the transverse diameter and perimeter of the fetal thymus obtained by magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;33(5):1100–1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar