The incidence and modifiable risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: a retrospective cohort study

References

• Lin H-Y, Chang JH, Chung M-Y, et al. Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm very low birth weight infants: is it feasible? J Formos Med Assoc. 2014;113(8):490–497. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2013.03.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee WH, Soraisham AS, Shah VS, et al. Incidence and timing of presentation of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2012;129(2):e298-304. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battersby C, Santhalingam T, Costeloe K, et al. Incidence of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis in high-income countries: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2018;103(2):F182–F189. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2017-313880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battersby C, Modi N. Challenges in advancing necrotizing enterocolitis research. Clin Perinatol. 2019;46(1):19–27. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2018.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekenze SO, Ajuzieogu OV, Nwomeh BC. Challenges of management and outcome of neonatal surgery in Africa: a systematic review. Pediatr Surg Int. 2016;32(3):291–299. doi:10.1007/s00383-016-3861-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banieghbal B, Schoeman L, Kalk F, et al. Surgical indications and strategies for necrotizing enterocolitis in low income countries. World J Surg. 2002;26(4):444–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisquera JA, Cooper TR, Berseth CL. Impact of necrotizing enterocolitis on length of stay and hospital charges in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2002;109(3):423–428. doi:10.1542/peds.109.3.423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullerton BS, Hong CR, Velazco CS, et al. Severe neurodevelopmental disability and healthcare needs among survivors of medical and surgical necrotizing enterocolitis: a prospective cohort study. J Pediatr Surg. 2017;53(1):101–107. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.10.029.
   Google Scholar
• Arnold M, Moore SW, Sidler D, et al. Long-term outcome of surgically managed necrotizing enterocolitis in a developing country. Pediatr Surg Int. 2010;26(4):355–360. doi:10.1007/s00383-010-2583-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zani A, Pierro A. Necrotizing enterocolitis: controversies and challenges. F1000Res. 2015;4:1373. doi:10.12688/f1000research.6888.1.
   Google Scholar
• Chawanpaiboon S, Vogel JP, Moller A-B, et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(1):e37–e46. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30451-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagura P, Wasunna A, Laving A, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with preterm birth at kenyatta national hospital. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):107. doi:10.1186/s12884-018-1740-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell MJ, Ternberg JL, Feigin RD, et al. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging. Ann Surg. 1978;187(1):1–7. doi:10.1097/00000658-197801000-00001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh MC, Kliegman RM. Necrotizing enterocolitis: treatment based on staging criteria. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1986;33(1):179–201. doi:10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34975-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battersby C, Longford N, Costeloe K, et al. Development of a gestational age–specific case definition for neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(3):256–263. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battersby C, Longford N, Mandalia S, et al. Incidence and enteral feed antecedents of severe neonatal necrotising enterocolitis across neonatal networks in England, 2012–13: a whole-population surveillance study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2(1):43–51. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30117-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman SM, Mehal JM, Haberling DL, et al. Infant and maternal risk factors related to necrotising enterocolitis‐associated infant death in the United States. Acta Paediatr. 2016;105(6):e240–e246. doi:10.1111/apa.13390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Mashad AE-R, El-Mahdy H, El Amrousy D, et al. Comparative study of the efficacy and safety of paracetamol, ibuprofen, and indomethacin in closure of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates. Eur J Pediatr. 2017;176(2):233–240. doi:10.1007/s00431-016-2830-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed A, Shah PS. Transfusion associated necrotizing enterocolitis: a meta-analysis of observational data. Pediatrics. 2012;129(3):529–540. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zvizdic Z, Heljic S, Firdus A, et al. Relationship of nosocomial infections with the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Mater Sociomed. 2014;26(1):4–6. doi:10.5455/msm.2014.26.4-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cotten CM, Taylor S, Stoll B, et al. Prolonged duration of initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with increased rates of necrotizing enterocolitis and death for extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):58–66. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulemanji M, Vakili K, Zurakowski D, et al. Umbilical venous catheter malposition is associated with necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. Neonatology. 2017;111(4):337–343. doi:10.1159/000451022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Been JV, Lievense S, Zimmermann LJ, et al. Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr. 2013;162(2):236–242. e2. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.07.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gane B, Bhat BV, Adhisivam B, et al. Risk factors and outcome in neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Indian J Pediatr. 2014;81(5):425–428. doi:10.1007/s12098-013-1311-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthrie SO, Gordon PV, Thomas V, et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis among neonates in the United States. J Perinatol. 2003;23(4):278–285. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7210892.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong D, Abdel-Latif M, Kent A, NICUS Network. Antenatal steroid exposure and outcomes of very premature infants: a regional cohort study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2014;99(1):F12–F20. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travers CP, Clark RH, Spitzer AR, et al. Exposure to any antenatal corticosteroids and outcomes in preterm infants by gestational age: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2017;356:j1039. doi:10.1136/bmj.j1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGoldrick E, Stewart F, Parker R, et al. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;12(12):Cd004454.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mori R, Kusuda S, Fujimura M. Antenatal corticosteroids promote survival of extremely preterm infants born at 22 to 23 weeks of gestation. J Pediatr. 2011;159(1):110–114. e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.12.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley P, Chalmers I, Keirse MJ. The effects of corticosteroid administration before preterm delivery: an overview of the evidence from controlled trials. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990;97(1):11–25. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb01711.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Israel EJ, Schiffrin EJ, Carter EA, et al. Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in the rat with prenatal cortisone. Gastroenterology. 1990;99(5):1333–1338. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(90)91158-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel EJ, Schiffrin EJ, Carter EA, et al. Cortisone strengthens the intestinal mucosal barrier in a rodent necrotizing enterocolitis model. Immunol Milk Neonate. 1991;99(5):375–380. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(90)91158-3.
   Google Scholar
• Buchmiller TL, Shaw KS, Lam ML, et al. Effect of prenatal dexamethasone administration: fetal rabbit intestinal nutrient uptake and disaccharidase development. J Surg Res. 1994;57(2):274–279. doi:10.1006/jsre.1994.1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zvizdic Z, Heljic S, Popovic N, et al. Contributing factors for development of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Mater Sociomed. 2016;28(1):53. doi:10.5455/msm.2016.53-56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gagliardi L, Bellù R, Cardilli V, et al. Necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants in Italy: incidence and non-nutritional risk factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008;47(2):206–210. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e318174e855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter BM, Holditch-Davis D. Risk factors for NEC in preterm infants: how race, gender and health status contribute. Adv Neonatal Care. 2008;8(5):285–290. doi:10.1097/01.ANC.0000338019.56405.29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward RM, Beachy JC. Neonatal complications following preterm birth. BJOG. 2003;110( Suppl 20):8–16. doi:10.1016/s1470-0328(03)00012-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Su Y, Xu R-H, Guo L-Y, et al. Risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates: a meta-analysis. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:1079894. doi:10.3389/fped.2022.1079894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alshafei A. Association of umbilical venous catheters vs peripherally inserted Central catheters with death or severe intraventricular hemorrhage among preterm infants< 30 weeks: a randomized clinical trial. J Neonatal-Perinatal Med. 2022;16(2):1–9. doi:10.3233/npm-221126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butler-O'Hara M, Buzzard CJ, Reubens L, et al. A randomized trial comparing long-term and short-term use of umbilical venous catheters in premature infants with birth weights of less than 1251 grams. Pediatrics. 2006;118(1):e25–e35. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JY, Park KH, Kim A, et al. Maternal and placental risk factors for developing necrotizing enterocolitis in very preterm infants. Pediatr Neonatol. 2017;58(1):57–62. doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2016.01.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Updegrove K. Necrotizing enterocolitis: the evidence for use of human milk in prevention and treatment. J Hum Lact. 2004;20(3):335–339. doi:10.1177/0890334404266972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Zhu H, Li B, et al. Lactoferrin reduces necrotizing enterocolitis severity by upregulating intestinal epithelial proliferation. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2020;30(1):90–95. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1693728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trend S, Strunk T, Lloyd ML, et al. Levels of innate immune factors in preterm and term mothers’ breast milk during the 1st month postpartum. Br J Nutr. 2016;115(7):1178–1193. doi:10.1017/S0007114516000234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair RR, Warner BB, Warner BW. Role of epidermal growth factor and other growth factors in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. Sem Perinatol. 2008:32(2):107–113. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2008.01.007.
   Google Scholar
• Ramani M, Ambalavanan N. Feeding practices and necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Perinatol. 2013;40(1):1–10. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2012.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moro M, Pérez-Rodriguez J, Figueras-Aloy J, et al. Predischarge morbidities in extremely and very low-birth-weight infants in spanish neonatal units. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26(5):335–343. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1110083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alganabi M, Lee C, Bindi E, et al. Recent advances in understanding necrotizing enterocolitis. F1000Res. 2019;8:107. doi:10.12688/f1000research.17228.1.
   Google Scholar