Small for gestational age at preterm birth identifies adverse neonatal outcomes more reliably than antenatal suspicion of fetal growth restriction

References

• Gardosi J, Madurasinghe V, Williams M, et al. Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth: population based study. BMJ. 2013;346(3):f108–f108. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendez-Figueroa H, Truong VT, Pedroza C, et al. Small-for-gestational-age infants among uncomplicated pregnancies at term: a secondary analysis of 9 maternal-fetal medicine units network studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(5):628.e1-628–e7. Novdoi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.06.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra A, Allison BJ, Castillo-Melendez M, et al. Neonatal morbidities of fetal growth restriction: pathophysiology and impact. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:55. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitlin J, El Ayoubi M, Jarreau PH, et al. Impact of fetal growth restriction on mortality and morbidity in a very preterm birth cohort. J Pediatr. 2010;157(5):733–739.e1. Novdoi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia’s mothers and babies report. 2020. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/mothers-babies/australias-mothers-babies/contents/baby-outcomes/birthweight-adjusted-for-gestational-age.
   Google Scholar
• Lee AC, Kozuki N, Cousens S, et al. Estimates of burden and consequences of infants born small for gestational age in low and Middle income countries with INTERGROWTH-21(st) standard: analysis of CHERG datasets. BMJ. 2017;358:j3677.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selvaratnam RJ, Davey MA, Anil S, et al. Does public reporting of the detection of fetal growth restriction improve clinical outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. BJOG. 2020;127(5):581–589. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma D, Shastri S, Sharma P. Intrauterine growth restriction: antenatal and postnatal aspects. Clin Med Insights Pediatr. 2016;10:67–83. doi: 10.4137/CMPed.S40070.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gardosi J, Clausson B, Francis A. The value of customised centiles in assessing perinatal mortality risk associated with parity and maternal size. BJOG. 2009; 116(10):1356–1363. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02245.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCowan LM, Harding JE, Stewart AW. Customized birthweight centiles predict SGA pregnancies with perinatal morbidity. BJOG. 2005; 112(8):1026–1033. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00656.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melamed N, Baschat A, Yinon Y, et al. FIGO (international federation of gynecology and obstetrics) initiative on fetal growth: best practice advice for screening, diagnosis, and management of fetal growth restriction. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;152 (Suppl 1):3–57. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.13522.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordijn SJ, Beune IM, Thilaganathan B, et al. Consensus definition of fetal growth restriction: a delphi procedure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 48(3):333–339. doi: 10.1002/uog.15884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardosi J, Giddings S, Clifford S, et al. Association between reduced stillbirth rates in England and regional uptake of accreditation training in customised fetal growth assessment. BMJ Open. 2013;3(12):e003942. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pels A, Beune IM, van Wassenaer-Leemhuis AG, et al. Early-onset fetal growth restriction: a systematic review on mortality and morbidity. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020;99(2):153–166. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine TA, Grunau RE, McAuliffe FM, et al. Early childhood neurodevelopment after intrauterine growth restriction: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2015;135(1):126–141. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller SL, Huppi PS, Mallard C. The consequences of fetal growth restriction on brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcome. J Physiol. 2016;594(4):807–823. doi: 10.1113/JP271402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker DJ, Godfrey KM, Fall C, et al. Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult lung function and death from chronic obstructive airways disease. BMJ. 1991;303(6804):671–675. doi: 10.1136/bmj.303.6804.671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crispi F, Miranda J, Gratacós E. Long-term cardiovascular consequences of fetal growth restriction: biology, clinical implications, and opportunities for prevention of adult disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(2s):S869–s879. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadlock FP, Harrist RB, Martinez-Poyer J. In utero analysis of fetal growth: a sonographic weight standard. Radiology. 1991;181(1):129–133. doi: 10.1148/radiology.181.1.1887021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardosi J, Chang A, Kalyan B, et al. Customised antenatal growth charts. Lancet. 1992;339(8788):283–287. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91342-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• University of Calgary. Fenton Preterm Growth Charts 2023. Available from: https://live-ucalgary.ucalgary.ca/resource/preterm-growth-chart/preterm-growth-chart.
   Google Scholar
• Fenton TR, Kim JH. A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the fenton growth chart for preterm infants. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13(1):59. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garite TJ, Clark R, Thorp JA. Intrauterine growth restriction increases morbidity and mortality among premature neonates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(2):481–487. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.01.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra A, Ditchfield M, Fahey MC, et al. Detection and assessment of brain injury in the growth-restricted fetus and neonate. Pediatr Res. 2017;82(2):184–193. doi: 10.1038/pr.2017.37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baschat AA, Gembruch U, Viscardi RM, et al. Antenatal prediction of intraventricular hemorrhage in fetal growth restriction: what is the role of doppler? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;19(4):334–339. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00661.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla-Gomes NF, Enríquez G, Acosta-Rojas R, et al. Prevalence of neonatal ultrasound brain lesions in premature infants with and without intrauterine growth restriction. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96(11):1582–1587. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00496.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElrath TF, Allred EN, Boggess KA, et al. Maternal antenatal complications and the risk of neonatal cerebral white matter damage and later cerebral palsy in children born at an extremely low gestational age. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170(7):819–828. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwp206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra A, Yahya Z, Sasi A, et al. Does fetal growth restriction lead to increased brain injury as detected by neonatal cranial ultrasound in premature infants? J Paediatr Child Health. 2015;51(11):1103–1108. doi: 10.1111/jpc.12910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roufaeil C, Razak A, Malhotra A. Cranial ultrasound abnormalities in small for gestational age or growth-restricted infants born over 32 weeks gestation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Sci. 2022; 12(12):1713. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12121713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasi A, Abraham V, Davies-Tuck M, et al. Impact of intrauterine growth restriction on preterm lung disease. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104(12):e552-6–e556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razak A, Faden M. Association of small for gestational age with retinopathy of prematurity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2020; 105(3):270–278. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-316976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JW, VanderVeen D, Allred EN, et al. Prethreshold retinopathy in premature infants with intrauterine growth restriction. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104(1):27–31. doi: 10.1111/apa.12799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahamed MF, Dar P, Vega M, et al. Early feeding tolerance in small for gestational age infants with normal versus abnormal antenatal doppler characteristics. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2017;10(1):43–48. doi: 10.3233/NPM-1682.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Longo S, Borghesi A, Tzialla C, et al. IUGR and infections. Early Hum Dev. 2014;90 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S42–S4. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3782(14)70014-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boghossian NS, Geraci M, Edwards EM, et al. Morbidity and mortality in small for gestational age infants at 22 to 29 weeks’ gestation. Pediatrics. 2018;141(2):e20172533. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-2533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray JG, Park AL, Fell DB. Mortality in infants affected by preterm birth and severe small-for-gestational age birth weight. Pediatrics. 2017;140(6):e20171881. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-1881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard NL, Hiscock RJ, Lockie E, et al. Identification of the optimal growth charts for use in a preterm population: an Australian state-wide retrospective cohort study. PLOS Med. 2019;16(10):e1002923. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streimish IG, Ehrenkranz RA, Allred EN, et al. Birth weight- and fetal weight-growth restriction: impact on neurodevelopment. Early Hum Dev. 2012;88(9):765–771. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.04.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar