The four C’s model of thematic analysis. A critical realist perspective

References

• Archer, S. Margaret. 2013. “Introduction: Other Conceptions of Generative Mechanisms and Ours.” In Generative Mechanisms. Transforming the Social Order, edited by Margaret Archer, 1–29. New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Archer, S. Margaret, Rachel Sharp, Rob Stones, and Tony Woodiwiss. 1999. “Critical Realism and Research Methodology.” Alethia 2 (1): 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1558/aleth.v2i1.12.
   Google Scholar
• Attride-Stirling, Jennifer. 2001. “Thematic Networks: An Analytic Tool for Qualitative Research.” Qualitative Research 1 (3): 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307.
   Google Scholar
• Beach, Derek, and Rasmus Brun Pedersen. 2013. Process-Tracing Methods. Foundations and Guidelines. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bhaskar, Roy. 2016. Enlightened Common Sense. Edited with a Preface by Mervyn Hartwig. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Boost, Didier, Björn Blom, and Peter Raeymaeckers. 2022. “A Detective, Physicist, and Historian Walk Into a Bar: Abduction, Retroduction, and Retrodiction in Critical Realist Evaluations.” In Working with Critical Realism. Stories of Methodological Encounters, edited by A. Maisuria, and G. Banfield, 14–29. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Boyatzis, E. Richard. 1998. Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2013. Successful Qualitative Research. A Practical Guide for Beginners. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2020. “One Size Fits All? What Counts as Quality Practice in (Reflexive) Thematic Analysis?” Qualitative Research in Psychology 18 (3): 328–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, Virginia, Victoria Clarke, Nikkie Hayfield, and Gareth Terry. 2019. “Thematic Analysis.” In Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences, edited by Pranee Liamputtong, 843–860. Singapore: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bridget, Ritz. 2020. “Comparing Abduction and Retroduction in Peircean Pragmatism and Critical Realism.” Journal of Critical Realism 19 (5): 456–465. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767430.2020.1831817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buch-Hansen, Hubert. 2013. “Social Network Analysis and Critical Realism.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 44 (3): 306–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunge, Mario. 2004. “How Does It Work? The Search for Explanatory Mechanisms.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 34 (2): 182–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393103262550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiasson, Phyllis. 2020. “Abduction as an Aspect of Retroduction.” Semiotica 153: 223–242.
   Google Scholar
• Donati, Pierpaolo. 2022. “The Methodology of Critical Realist Relational Analysis: The Research Design and Its Underlying Rules.” Paper Presented at the International Conference Methodology of Relational Sociology Approaches and Analyses. March 14–15, 2022 University of Warsaw.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, K. Paul, Joe O’Mahoney, and Steve Vincent. 2014. Studying Organizations Using Critical Realism: A Practical Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fryer, Tom. 2022. “A Critical Realist Approach to Thematic Analysis: Producing Causal Explanations.” Journal of Critical Realism 21 (4): 365–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767430.2022.2076776.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorski, Philip. 2009. “Social ‘Mechanisms’ and Comparative-Historical Sociology: A Critical Realist Proposal.” In Frontiers of Sociology, edited by P. Hedström, and B. Wittrock, 147–194. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Hennig, Marina, Brandes Ulrik, Jurgen Pfeffer, and Ines Mergel. 2012. Studying Social Networks. A Guide to Empirical Research. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell, Joseph. 1992. “Understanding and Validity in Qualitative Research.” Harvard Educational Review 62 (3): 279–301. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.62.3.8323320856251826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, B. Samantha, and Belinda Lunnay. 2013. “The Application of Abductive and Retroductive Inference for the Design and Analysis for Theory Driven Sociological Research.” Sociological Research Online 18 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.2819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, B. Matthew, and Michael A. Huberman. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. An Expanded Sourcebook. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Minnameier, Gerhard. 2004. “Peirce-Suit of Truth: Why Inference to the Best Explanation and Abduction Ought Not To Be Confused.” Erkenntnis: An International Journal of Scientific Philosophy 60 (1): 75–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porpora, V. Douglas. 2015. Reconstructing Sociology. The Critical Realist Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Quraishi, Muzammil, Lamia Irfan, Mallory Schneuwly Purdie, and Matthew L. N. Wilkinson. 2021. “Doing ‘Judgemental Rationality’ in Empirical Research: The Importance of Depth-Reflexivity When Researching in Prison.” Journal of Critical Realism 21 (1): 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767430.2021.1992735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saldaña, Johny. 2016. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sayer, Andrew. 1992. Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wiltshire, Gareth, and Noora Ronkainen. 2021. “A Realist Approach to Thematic Analysis: Making Sense of Qualitative Data Through Experiential, Inferential and Dispositional Themes.” Journal of Critical Realism 20 (2): 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767430.2021.1894909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar