Global epidemiology of viral hepatitis and national needs for complete control

References

• Global Hepatitis Report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255016/9789241565455-eng.pdf?sequence=1; accessed 2018 Jul 17.
   Google Scholar
• Global Health Sector Strategy On Viral Hepatitis 2016–2021 Towards Ending Viral Hepatitis. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/246177/1/WHO-HIV-2016.06-eng.pdf?ua=1; accessed on 2018 Jul 17.
   Google Scholar
• Lemon SM, Ott JJ, Van Damme P, et al. Type A viral hepatitis: A summary and update on the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention. J Hepatol. 2017 Sep 5. S0168–8278(17)32278–X DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.08.034. ID: 20592136. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2937740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desbois D, Couturier E, Mackiewicz V, et al. Epidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis a virus genotype iia. J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Sep;48(9):3306–3315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan G, Goncalves Rossi LM, Forbi JC, et al. Purdy MA2, Xia G, Khudyakov YE. Hepatitis A virus: host interactions, molecular epidemiology and evolution. Infect Genet Evol. 2014Jan;21:227–243. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matheny SC, Kingery JE. Hepatitis A. Am Fam Physician. 2012 Dec 1;86(11):1027–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glikson M, Galun E, Oren R, et al. Relapsing hepatitis A. Review of 14 cases and literature survey. Medicine (Baltimore). 1992 Jan;71(1):14–23. Review.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackinney-Novelo I, Barahona-Garrido J, Castillo-Albarran F, et al. Clinical course and management of acute hepatitis A infection in adults. Ann Hepatol. 2012 Sep-Oct;11(5):652–657. PubMed PMID: 22947525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagnelli E, Coppola N, Pisaturo M, et al. Clinical and virological improvement of hepatitis B virus-related or hepatitis C virus-related chronic hepatitis with concomitant hepatitis A virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 1;42(11):1536–1543. Epub 2006 Apr 26. Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 1;43(1):121. PubMed PMID: 16652310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vento S, Garofano T, Renzini C, et al. Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jan 29;338(5):286–290. PubMed PMID: 9445408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. WHO position paper on hepatitis A vaccines. Wkly Epidiol Rec. 2012;87:15.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen KH. Globalization and the changing epidemiology of hepatitis a virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018 Mar 2;pii: a031716.
   Google Scholar
• EuropeanCentre for Disease Prevention and Control. Hepatitis A outbreaks in the EU/EEA mostly affecting men who havesex with men– third update, 28 June 2017. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Lanini S, Minosse C, Vairo F, et al. Gruppo Laziale Sorveglianza Epatiti Virali (GLaSEV). A large ongoing outbreak of hepatitis A predominantly affecting young males in Lazio, Italy; august 2016 - march 2017. PLoS One. 2017 Nov 10;12(11):e0185428. eCollection.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gozlan Y, Bar-Or I, Rakovsky A, et al. Ongoing hepatitis A among men who have sex with men (MSM) linked to outbreaks in Europe in Tel Aviv area, Israel, December 2016 - June 2017. Euro Surveill. 2017 Jul 20;22(29):pii: 30575.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Latash J, Dorsinville M, Del Rosso P, et al. Notes from the field: increase in reported hepatitis a infections among men who have sex with men New York City, january-august 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Sep 22;66(37):999–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivas V, Barrera A, Pino K, et al. Hepatitis A outbreak since November 2016 affecting men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chile connected to the current outbreak in MSM in Europe, situation up to October 2017. Euro Surveill. 2018Mar;23:9.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for diseases Control (CDC) 2017 – Outbreaks of hepatitis A in multiple states among people who use drugs and/or people who are homeless available at https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/outbreaks/2017March-HepatitisA.htm; accessed on 2018 Jul 17.
   Google Scholar
• Utah Department of Health - Bureau of Epidemiology - Hepatitis A outbreak available at http://health.utah.gov/epi/diseases/hepatitisA/HAVoutbreak_2017; accessed on
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen KH The global prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection and susceptibility: a systematic review. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2009. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/70180/WHO_IVB_10.01_eng.pdf?sequence=1; accessed on
   Google Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Hepatitis A virus in the EU/EEA, 1975–2014. ECDC; 2016. available at https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/hepatitis-virus-eueea-1975-2014 accessed on 2018 Jul 17
   Google Scholar
• Guet L, Desbois D, Roque-Afonso AM, et al. Investigation of a severe nosocomial outbreak of hepatitis A among healthcare workers and adult patients. J Hosp Infect. 2011 May;78(1):70–71. Epub 2011 Jan 31. PubMed PMID: 21277653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco E, Giambi C, Ialacci R, et al. Risk groups for hepatitis A virus infection. Vaccine. 2003 Jun 2;21(19–20):2224–2233. Review. PubMed PMID: 12744847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrivniaková L, Sláciková M, Kolcunová S. Hepatitis A outbreak in a Roma village in eastern Slovakia, August-November 2008. Euro Surveill. 2009 Jan 22;14(3):19093. PubMed PMID: 19161727.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rapicetta M, Monarca R, Kondili LA, et al. Hepatitis E virus and hepatitis A virus exposures in an apparently healthy high-risk population in Italy. Infection. 2013 Feb;41(1):69–76. Epub 2012 Dec 22. PubMed PMID: 23264095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland N, Dryden M, Ramsay M, et al. 2008 Winchester HAV outbreak team. an outbreak of hepatitis A affecting a nursery school and a primary school. Epidemiol Infect. 2011 Mar;139(3):336–343. Epub 2010 Jun 29. PubMed PMID: 20587119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dienstag JL. Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 2;359(14):1486–1500. Review. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 15; 363(3):298. PubMed PMID: 18832247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Med Clin North Am. 2014 Jan;98(1):39–54. Epub 2013 Oct 20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahtab MA, Rahman S, Khan M, et al. Hepatitis B virus genotypes: an overview. Hepatobiliary. Pancreat Dis Int. 2008 Oct;7(5):457–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramvis A, Kew MC. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Africa, its genotypes and clinical associations of genotypes. Hepatol Res. 2007;37:S9–S19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon BJ. The influence of hepatitis B virus genotype and subgenotype on the natural history of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int. 2009;3(2):334–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Tanaka Y, Huang Y, et al. Clinical and virological characteristics of hepatitis B virus subgenotypes Ba, C1, and C2 in China. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:1491–1496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugauchi F, Orito E, Ichida T, et al. Epidemiologic and virologic characteristics of hepatitis B virus genotype B having the recombination with genotype C. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:925–932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deterding K, Constantinescu I, Nedelcu FD, et al. Prevalence of HBV genotypes in Central and Eastern Europe. J Med Virol. 2008;80:1707–1711. PMID:18712830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zampino R, Boemio A, Sagnelli C, et al. Hepatitis B virus burden in developing countries. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(42):11941–11953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croagh CM, Lubel JS. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B: phases in a complex relationship. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Aug 14;20(30):10395–10404. Review. PubMed PMID: 25132755; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4130846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EASL 2017. Clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. European association for the study of the liver. electronic address: [email protected]. Eur Assoc Study Liver.J. 2017 Aug;672:370–398. Epub 2017 Apr 18.
   Google Scholar
• Hadziyannis SJ. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B in Euro-Mediterranean and African countries. J Hepatol. 2011 Jul;55(1):183–191. Epub 2011 Jan 14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen MF, Chen DS, Dusheiko GM, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 Jun 7;4:18035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Centre for disease prevention and control. hepatitis B. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2015. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Guidelinesc for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection World Health Organization, Geneva, 2015. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/154590/1/9789241549059_eng.pdf; accessed on
   Google Scholar
• Hepatitis B vaccines: WHO position paper – July 2017. Wkly. Epidemiol Rec. 2017 Jul 7;92(27):369–392. English, French. PubMed PMID: 28685564.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lanini S, Ćosić G, Menzo S, et al. A large epidemic of hepatitis B in Serbia: an integrated model for outbreak investigations in healthcare settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014 Jun;35(6):732–735. Epub 2014 Apr 23. PubMed PMID: 24799653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanini S, Garbuglia AR, Puro V, et al. Hospital cluster of HBV infection: molecular evidence of patient-to-patient transmission through lancing device. Epub 2012 Mar 6. PubMed PMID: 22412991; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3295785 PLoS One. 2012;73:e33122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanini S, Puro V, Lauria FN, et al. Patient to patient transmission of hepatitis B virus: a systematic review of reports on outbreaks between 1992 and 2007. BMC Med. 2009 Apr 8;7:15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CL, Yang HC, Kao JH. Hepatitis B virus: new therapeutic perspectives. Liver Int. 2016 Jan;36 Suppl 1:85–92. Review. PubMed PMID: 26725903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CW, Chang KM. Hepatitis C virus: virology and life cycle. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2013 Mar;19(1):17–25. Epub 2013 Mar 25. Review. PubMed PMID: 23593605; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3622851.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ql C, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, et al. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science. 1989 Apr 21;244(4902):359–362. PubMed PMID: 2523562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanini S, Abbate I, Puro V, et al. Molecular epidemiology of a hepatitis C virus epidemic in a haemodialysis unit: outbreak investigation and infection outcome. BMC Infect Dis. 2010 Aug 27;10:257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu L, Li C, Xu Y, et al. Full-length genomes of 16 hepatitis C virus genotype 1 isolates representing subtypes 1c, 1d, 1e, 1g, 1h, 1i, 1j and 1k, and two new subtypes 1m and 1n, and four unclassified variants reveal ancestral relationships among subtypes. J Gen Virol. 2014 Jul;95(Pt 7):1479–1487. Epub 2014 Apr 9. PubMed PMID: 24718832; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4059268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Db S, Bukh J, Kuiken C, et al. Expanded classification of hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: updated criteria and genotype assignment web resource. Hepatology. 2014 Jan;59(1):318–327. PubMed PMID: 24115039; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4063340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messina JP, Humphreys I, Flaxman A, et al. Global distribution and prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology. 2015 Jan;61(1):77–87. Epub 2014 Jul 28. PubMed PMID: 25069599; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4303918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiessing L, Ferri M, Grady B, et al.,, . Hepatitis C virus infection epidemiology among people who inject drugs in Europe: a systematic review of data for scaling up treatment and prevention. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 28;97:e103345. eCollection 2014. Review. PubMed PMID: 25068274; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4113410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pv M, Van De Laar TJ, Thomas XV, et al. Colonial history and contemporary transmission shape the genetic diversity of hepatitis C virus genotype 2 in Amsterdam. J Virol. 2012;86:7677–7687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasitthankasem R, Vongpunsawad S, Siripon N, et al. Genotypic distribution of hepatitis C virus in Thailand and Southeast Asia. PLoS One. 2015 May 11;10(5):e0126764. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 25962112; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4427325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Barnes E, Newton PN, et al. An expanded taxonomy of hepatitis C virus genotype 6: characterization of 22 new full-length viral genomes. Virology. 2015 Feb;476:355–363. Epub 2015 Jan 10. PubMed PMID:25589238; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4376965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Naamani K, Al Sinani S, Deschênes M. Epidemiology and treatment of hepatitis C genotypes 5 and 6. Can J Gastroenterol. 2013 Jan;27(1):e8–12. Review. PubMed PMID: 23378985; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3545628.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy DG, Sablon E, Chamberland J, et al. Hepatitis C virus genotype 7, a new genotype originating from central Africa. J Clin Microbiol. 2015 Mar;53(3):967–972. Epub 2014 Dec 17. PubMed PMID: 25520447; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4390628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gi G, Bella A, Adam I. Schistosomiasis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C co-infection. Virol J. 2015 Feb 8;12:19. 10.1186/s12985–015–0251–2 Review. PubMed PMID: 25889398; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4323254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonucci G, Goletti D, Lanini S, et al. HIV/HCV co-infection: puttingthe pieces of the puzzle together. Cell Death Differ. 2003 Jan;10(Suppl 1):S25–6. Review. PubMed PMID: 12655.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lingala S, Ghany MG. Natural history of hepatitis C. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2015 Dec;44(4):717–734. Epub 2015 Aug 25. Review. PubMed PMID: 26600216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westbrook RH, Dusheiko G. Natural history of hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2014 Nov;61(1 Suppl):S58–68. Epub 2014 Nov 3. Review. PubMed PMID: 25443346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tada T, Kumada T, Toyoda H, et al. Viral eradication reduces both liver stiffness and steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection who received direct-acting anti-viral therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Apr;47(7):1012–1022. Epub 2018 Feb 9. PubMed PMID: 29424449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petta S, Adinolfi LE, Fracanzani AL, et al. Hepatitis C virus eradication by direct antiviral agents improves carotid atherosclerosis in patients with severe liver fibrosis. J Hepatol. 2018 Mar 2:S0168–8278(18)30132–6 [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29505844. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.02.015.
   Google Scholar
• Li J, Zhang T, Gordon SC, et al. CHeCS Investigators. Impact of sustained virological response on risk of type 2 diabetes among hepatitis C patients in the US. J Viral Hepat. 2018 Feb 25. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29478263. DOI:10.1111/jvh.12887.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso R, Pérez-García F, López-Roa P, et al. HCV core-antigen assay as an alternative to HCV RNA quantification: A correlation study for the assessment of HCV viremia. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2018 Mar;36(3):175–178. Epub 2017 Feb 27. English, Spanish. PubMed PMID: 28245938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastro TD, Morrison CS, Hamilton CD. Determining the incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in populations: an important tool for epidemic control. J Infect Dis. 2016 Aug 1;214(3):339–340. Epub 2016 Jan 14. PubMed PMID: 26768254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford N, Kirby C, Singh K, et al. Chronic hepatitis C treatment outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 2012 Jul 1;90(7):540–550. Epub 2012 Feb 3. Review. PubMed PMID: 22807600; PubMed.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Hepatitis C Fact sheet N°164 Updated July 2015 available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/; accessed on
   Google Scholar
• King S, Adjei-Asante K, Appiah L, et al. Antibody screening tests variably overestimate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV-infected adults in Ghana. J Viral Hepat. 2015 May;22(5):461–468. 2014 Nov 14. PubMed PMID: 25394987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao VB, Johari N, Du Cros P, et al. Hepatitis C seroprevalence and HIV co-infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015 Jul;15(7):819–824. Epub 2015 May 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 25957078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanini S, Easterbrook PJ, Zumla A, et al. Hepatitis C: global epidemiology and strategies for control. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 Oct;22(10):833–838 . Epub 2016 Aug 11. Review.PubMed PMID: 27521803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polaris Observatory HCV Collaborators. Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Mar;2(3):161–176. Epub 2016 Dec 16. PubMed PMID: 28404132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasley A, Alter MJ. Epidemiology of hepatitis C: geographic differences and temporal trends. Semin Liver Dis. 2000;20:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thursz M, Fontanet A. HCV transmission in industrialized countries and resource-constrained areas. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Jan;11(1):28–35. Epub 2013 Oct 1. Review. PubMed PMID: 24080775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larney S, Peacock A, Leung J, et al. Global, regional, and country-level coverage of interventions to prevent and manage HIV and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. Lancet Glob Health. 2017 Dec 12;5:e1208–e1220. Epub 2017 Oct 23. Review. PubMed PMID: 29074410; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5683737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Va M. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Sep 3;159(5):349–357. PubMed PMID: 23798026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraswat V, Norris S, De Knegt RJ, et al. Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in select countries - volume 2. J Viral Hepat. 2015 Jan;22(Suppl 1):6–25. PubMed PMID: 25560839.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mukomolov S, Trifonova G, Levakova I, et al. Hepatitis C in the Russian Federation: challenges and future directions. Hepat Med. 2016 May 5;8:51–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jh S. Russia and human immunodeficiency virus–beyond crime and punishment. Addiction. 2011 Nov;106(11):1883–1885. Epub 2011 Aug 18. PubMed PMID: 21851440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka Y, Hanada K, Mizokami M, et al. A comparison of the molecular clock of hepatitis C virus in the United States and Japan predicts that hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in the United States will increase over the next two decades. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(24):15584–15589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiaramonte M, Stroffolini T, Lorenzoni U, et al. Risk factors in community-acquired chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a case–control study in Italy. J Hepatol. 1996;24:129–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariano A, Scalia Tomba G, Tosti ME, et al. Estimating the incidence, prevalence and clinical burden of hepatitis C over time in Italy. PubMed PMID: 19579149 Scand J Infect Dis. 2009;419:689–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manns MP, Buti M, Gane E, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Mar 2;3:17006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbi JC, Layden JE, Phillips RO, et al. Next-generation sequencing reveals frequent opportunities for exposure to hepatitis c virus in Ghana. PLoS One. 2015 Dec 18;10(12):e0145530. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 26683463; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4684299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Ghitany EM, Abdel Wahab MM, Abd El-Wahab EW, et al. A comprehensive hepatitis C virus risk factors meta-analysis (1989–2013): do they differ in Egypt? Liver Int. 2015 Feb;35(2):489–501. Epub 2014 Jul 8. PubMed PMID: 24923487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parveen M, Malhotra V, Malhotra N, et al. Abhishek chaturvedi epidemiological profile of hepatitis c patients at India’s new hub –Haryana. Adv Res Gastroentero Hepatol. 2015 August;1( 1): 1–6. 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Eze JC, Ibeziako NS, Ikefuna AN, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection among children in enugu, Nigeria. Afr J Infect Dis. 2014;8(1):5–8. PubMed PMID: 24653810; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3957207.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rerambiah LK, Rerambiah LE, Bengone C, et al. The risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections at the gabonese national blood transfusion centre. Blood Transfus. 2014 Jul;12(3):330–333. Epub 2013 Dec 3. PubMed PMID: 24333085; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4111813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luma HN, Eloumou SA, Malongue A, et al. Characteristics of anti-hepatitis C virus antibody-positive patients in a hospital setting in Douala, Cameroon. Int J Infect Dis. 2016 Feb 22;45:53–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layden JE, Phillips RO, Owusu-Ofori S, et al. High frequency of active HCV infection among seropositive cases in west Africa and evidence for multiple transmission pathways. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Apr 1;60(7):1033–1041. Epub 2014 Dec 4. PubMed PMID: 25477425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC Healthcare-Associated Hepatitis B and C Outbreaks Reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2008–2014 available at http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/outbreaks/healthcarehepoutbreaktable.htm; accessed on 2018 Jul 17.
   Google Scholar
• De Lédinghen V, Trimoulet P, Mannant PR, et al. Outbreak of hepatitis C virus infection during sclerotherapy of varicose veins: long-term follow-up of 196 patients (4535 patient-years). J Hepatol. 2007 Jan;46(1):19–25. Epub 2006 Sep 22. PubMed PMID: 1703045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross RS, Viazov S, Khudyakov YE, et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus in an orthopedic hospital ward. J Med Virol. 2009 Feb;81(2):249–257. PubMed PMID: 19107970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negro F. Epidemiology of hepatitis C in Europe. Dig Liver Dis. 2014 Dec 15;46 Suppl 5:S158–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Judd A, Hickman M, Jones S, et al. Incidence of hepatitis C virus and HIV among new injecting drug users in London: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2005 Jan 1;330(7481):24–25. Epub 2004 Nov 12. PubMed PMID: 15533854; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC539846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vescio MF, Longo B, Babudieri S, et al. Correlates of hepatitis C virus sero-positivity in prison inmates: a meta-analysis. J Epidemiol andCommunity Health. 2008;62:305–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allwright S, Bradley F, Long J, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis B,hepatitis C, and HIV and risk factors in Irish prisoners: results of a nationalcross sectional survey. Br Med J. 2000;321:78–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrault NA, Dodge JL, Murphy EL, et al. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among monogamous heterosexual couples: the HCV partners study. Hepatology. 2013 Mar;57(3):881–889. Epub 2013 Feb 7. PubMed PMID: 23175457; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4384338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin NK, Thornton A, Hickman M, et al. Can Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment as Prevention Reverse the HCV Epidemic Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United Kingdom? Epidemiological and Modeling Insights. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 May 1;62(9):1072-1080. Epub 2016 Feb 16. PubMed PMID: 26908813; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4826456.
   Google Scholar
• Hullegie SJ, Van Den Berk GE, Leyten EM, et al. Acute hepatitis C in the Netherlands: characteristics of the epidemic in 2014. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 Feb;22(2):209.e1–3. Epub 2015 Oct 17. PubMed PMID: 26482267.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McFaul K, Maghlaoui A, Nzuruba M, et al. Acute hepatitis C infection in HIV-negative men who have sex with men. J Viral Hepat. 2015 Jun;22(6):535–538. Epub 2014 Nov 21.PubMed PMID: 25412826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tovo PA, Calitri C, Scolfaro C, et al. Vertically acquired hepatitis C virus infection: correlates of transmission and disease progression. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jan 28;22(4):1382–1392. PubMed PMID: 26819507; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4721973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benova L, Awad SF, Miller FD, et al. Estimation of hepatitis C virusinfections resulting from vertical transmission in Egypt. Hepatology. 2015 Mar;61(3):834–842. Epub 2015 Jan 22. PubMed PMID:25366418; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4365684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benova L, Mohamoud YA, Calvert C, et al. Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Sep 15 Epub 2014 Jun 13;59(6):765–773. Review. PubMed PMID: 24928290; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4144266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottrell EB, Chou R, Wasson N, et al. Reducing risk for mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Jan 15;158(2):109–113. Review. PubMed PMID: 23437438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ippolito G, Zumla A, Lanini S. Is there sufficient evidence to repeal three decades of clinical research on chronic hepatitis C? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018 Apr;24(4):328–331. Epub 2018 Jan 8. PubMed PMID: 29326009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimgaonkar I, Ding Q, Schwartz RE, et al. Hepatitis E virus: advances and challenges. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Feb;15(2):96–110. Epub 2017 Nov 22. Review. PubMed PMID: 29162935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamar N, Izopet J, Pavio N, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Nov 16;3:17086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee GH, Tan BH, Teo EC, et al. Chronic infection with camelid hepatitis E virus in a liver transplant recipient who regularly consumes. Camel Meat and Milk.Gastroenterology. 2016 Feb;150(2):355–7.e3. 2015 Nov 6. PubMed PMID: 26551551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton HR, Kamar N, Van Eijk JJ, et al. Hepatitis E virus and neurological injury. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016 Feb;122:77–85. Epub 2015 Dec 29 Review. PubMed PMID: 26711839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakim MS, Ikram A, Zhou J, et al. Immunity against hepatitis E virus infection: implications for therapy and vaccine development. Rev Med Virol. 2018 Mar;28(2). Epub 2017 Dec 22. Review.PubMed PMID: 29272060. DOI:10.1002/rmv.1964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartl J, Otto B, Madden RG, et al. Hepatitis E Seroprevalence in Europe: a meta-analysis. Viruses. 2016 Aug 6;8(8):E211. Review. PubMed PMID: 27509518; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4997573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepatitis E vaccine: WHO position paper, May 2015. Wkly. Epidemiol Rec. 2015 May 1;90(18):185–200. English, French. PubMed PMID: 25935931.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• European Centre for Disease. Prevention and Control. Hepatitis E in the EU/EEA, 2005–2015. Stockholm: ECDC; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Ditah I, Ditah F, Devaki P, et al. Current epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in the United States: low seroprevalence in the National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey. Hepatology. 2014 Sep;60(3):815–822. Epub 2014 Jul 17. PubMed PMID: 24824965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sridhar S, Teng JLL, Chiu TH, et al. Hepatitis E virus genotypes and evolution: emergence of camel hepatitis E variants. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Apr 20;18(4):E869. Review. PubMed PMID: 28425927; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5412450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedder RS, Ijaz S, Kitchen A, et al. Hepatitis E risks: pigs or blood-that is the question. Transfusion. 2017 Feb;57(2):267–272. PubMed PMID: 28194857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teshale EH, Hu DJ, Holmberg SD. The two faces of hepatitis E virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Aug 1;51(3):328–334. Review. PubMed PMID:20572761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt PE, Ijaz S, Brailsford SR et al. Hepatitis E virus in blood components: a prevalence and transmission study in southeast England. Lancet. 2014 Nov 15;384(9956):1766-1773. Epub 2014 Jul 28. PubMed PMID: 25078306.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Jiao S, Yang Z, Xu L et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection among blood donors in mainland China: a meta-analysis. Transfusion. 2017 Feb;57(2):248-257. Epub 2016 Dec 30. PubMed PMID: 28035774.
   Google Scholar
• Satake M, Matsubayashi K, Hoshi Y et al. Unique clinical courses of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in patients with immunosuppression. Transfusion. 2017 Feb;57(2):280-288. Epub 2017 Jan 31. PubMed PMID: 28144952.
   Google Scholar
• Dai X, Dong C, Zhou Z et al . Hepatitis E virus genotype 4, Nanjing, China, 2001-2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(9):1528-1530. PubMed PMID: 23965731; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3810912.
   Google Scholar
• Kamar N, Garrouste C, Haagsma EB et al. Factors associated with chronic hepatitis in patients with hepatitis E virus infection who have received solid organ transplants. Gastroenterology. 2011 May;140(5):1481-1489. Epub 2011 Feb 24.PubMed PMID: 21354150.
   Google Scholar
• Kamar N, Izopet J, Tripon S wt al. Ribavirin for chronic hepatitis E virus infection in transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2014 Mar 20;370(12):1111-20. PubMed PMID: 24645943.
   Google Scholar
• Todesco E, Mazzola A, Akhavan S, et al. Chronic hepatitis E in a heart transplant patient: sofosbuvir and ribavirin regimen not fully effective. Antivir Ther. 2018 Mar 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29504509. DOI:10.3851/IMP3227.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donnelly MC, Imlach SN, Abravanel F, et al. Sofosbuvir and daclatasvir anti-viral therapy fails to clear HEV viremia and restore reactive T cells in a HEV/HCV co-infected liver transplant recipient. Gastroenterology. 2017 Jan;152(1):300–301. Epub 2016 Nov 21. PubMed PMID: 27883881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aylward B, Hennessey KA, Zagaria N, et al. When is a disease eradicable? 100 years of lessons learned. Am J Public Health. 2000 Oct;90(10):1515–1520. PubMed PMID: 11029980; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1446384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowdle WR. The principles of disease elimination and eradication. Bull World Health Organ. 1998;76(Suppl 2):23–25.
   Google Scholar
• Heymann DL. Control, elimination, eradication and re-emergence of infectious diseases: getting the message right. Bull World Health Organ. 2006 Feb;84(2):82. Epub 2006 Feb 23. PubMed PMID: 16501719; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar T, Shrivastava A, Kumar A, et al. Viral Hepatitis Surveillance India, 2011-2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Jul 24;64(28):758–762. PubMed PMID: 26203629; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4584861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar