References
- Meyer H, Perrichot M, Stemmler M, et al. Outbreaks of disease suspected of being due to human monkeypox virus infection in the democratic republic of congo in 2001. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Aug;40(8):2919–2921.
- Otu A, Ebenso B, Walley J, et al. Global human monkeypox outbreak: atypical presentation demanding urgent public health action. Lancet Microbe. 2022 Jun. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00153-7
- Nolen LD, Osadebe L, Katomba J, et al. Extended human-to-human transmission during a monkeypox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Jun;22(6):1014–1021.
- Strassburg MA. The global eradication of smallpox. Am J Infect Control. 1982 May;10(2):53–59.
- Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Ogoina D, et al. Reemergence of human monkeypox in Nigeria, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018 Jun;24(6):1149–1151.
- Khodakevich L, Jezek Z, Kinzanzka K. Isolation of monkeypox virus from wild squirrel infected in nature. Lancet Lond Engl. 1986 Jan;1(8472):98–99.
- Khodakevich L, Szczeniowski M, Manbu-ma-Disu, et al. The role of squirrels in sustaining monkeypox virus transmission. Trop. Geogr. Med. 1987Apr; 392: 115–122
- Breman JG. Smallpox eradication: African origin, African solutions, and relevance for COVID-19†. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Feb;104(2):416–421.
- Leggiadro RJ. Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the democratic Republic of Congo. Rimoin AW, et al. PNAS: Published online before print August 30, 2010. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Jan;30(1):2.
- Georges A-J, Matton T, Courbot-Georges M-C. Le monkey-pox, un paradigme de maladie émergente puis réémergente. Médecine Mal. Infect. 2004 Jan;34(1):12–19.
- Cunha BE. Monkeypox in the United States: an occupational health look at the first cases. AAOHN J. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Occup. Health Nurses. 2004Apr;52(4):164–168.
- Sale TA, Melski JW, Stratman EJ. Monkeypox: an epidemiologic and clinical comparison of African and US disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Sep;55(3):478–481.
- Ogoina D, Izibewule JH, Ogunleye A, et al. The 2017 human monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria-report of outbreak experience and response in the niger delta university teaching hospital, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. PloS One. 2019;14(4):e0214229.
- Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Dalhat M, et al. Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017-18: a clinical and epidemiological report. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Aug;19(8):872–879.
- Maskalyk J. Monkeypox outbreak among pet owners. CMAJ Can. Med. Assoc. J. 2003Jul;169(1):44–45.
- Xiao S-Y, Sbrana E, Watts DM, et al. Experimental infection of prairie dogs with monkeypox virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Apr;11(4):539–545.
- Guarner J, Johnson BJ, Paddock CD, et al. Monkeypox transmission and pathogenesis in prairie dogs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Mar;10(3):426–431.
- Reed KD, Melski JW, Graham MB, et al. The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jan;350(4):342–350.
- “Past U.S. cases and outbreaks | monkeypox | poxvirus | CDC,” Jun. 07, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/outbreak/us-outbreaks.html (accessed 2022 Jun 10).
- Erez N, Achdout H, Milrot E, et al. Diagnosis of Imported Monkeypox, Israel, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019 May;25(5):980–983.
- Bernard SM, Anderson SA. Qualitative assessment of risk for monkeypox associated with domestic trade in certain animal species, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Dec;12(12):1827–1833.
- Beer EM, Rao VB. A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019 Oct;13(10):e0007791.
- Reynolds MG, Carroll DS, Karem KL. Factors affecting the likelihood of monkeypox’s emergence and spread in the post-smallpox era. Curr Opin Virol. 2012 Jun;2(3):335–343.
- Lopera JG, Falendysz EA, Rocke TE, et al. Attenuation of monkeypox virus by deletion of genomic regions. Virology. 2015;475:10.
- Cho CT, Wenner HA. Monkeypox virus. Bacteriol. Rev. 1973 Mar;37(1): 1–18.
- Cho CT, Wenner HA. In vitro growth characteristics of monkeypox virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med Soc Exp Biol Med N Y N. 1972 Mar;139(3):916–920.
- Monkeypox | poxvirus | CDC, May 27, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/index.html (accessed 2022 Jun 03).
- Saijo M, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, et al. Virulence and pathophysiology of the congo basin and West African strains of monkeypox virus in non-human primates. J Gen Virol. 2009 Sep;90(Pt 9):2266–2271.
- Hutson CL, Abel JA, Carroll DS, et al. Comparison of West African and congo basin monkeypox Viruses in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. PLoS ONE. 2010 Jan;5(1):e8912.
- Chen N, Li G, Liszewski MK, et al. Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from West Africa and the congo basin. Virology. 2005 Sep;340(1):46–63.
- Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, et al. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Feb;16(2):e0010141.
- Epidemiological update: monkeypox multi-country outbreak, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2022 May 25. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/epidemiological-update-monkeypox-multi-country-outbreak (accessed 2022 Jun 06).
- Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries: update. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON388 (accessed 2022 Jun 08).
- PHA of Canada. Update on monkeypox in Canada - May 25, 2022. May 25, 2022. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/news/2022/05/update-on-monkeypox-in-canada–may-25-2022.html (accessed 2022 Jun 10).
- U.S. Monkeypox 2022: situation Summary | monkeypox | poxvirus | CDC. Jun 9, 2022. (cited 2022 Jun 10).https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/response/2022/index.html
- Argentina reports 2 cases of monkeypox. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-05-argentina-cases-monkeypox.html (accessed 2022 Jun 10).
- Concern grows that human monkeypox outbreak will establish virus in animals outside Africa. https://www.science.org/content/article/concern-grows-human-monkeypox-outbreak-will-establish-virus-animals-outside-africa (accessed 2022 Jun 10).
- 2022 monkeypox and orthopoxvirus outbreak global map | monkeypox | poxvirus | CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/response/2022/world-map.html (accessed 2022 Jun 10).
- En S. Ministerie van Volksgezondheid W. Monkeypox cases must be reported for effective disease control - news item - government.nl, May 24, 2022. https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2022/05/24/monkeypox-cases-must-be-reported (accessed 2022 Jun 10).
- Eurosurveillance. Ongoing monkeypox virus outbreak, Portugal, 29 April 23 May 2022. (cited 2022 Jun 10).https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200424
- France confirms 51 monkeypox cases. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-06-france-monkeypox-cases.html (accessed 2022 Jun 10).
- Italy’s monkeypox cases rise to 20, will increase further - deputy minister | world news | US News. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2022-06-01/italys-monkeypox-cases-rise-to-20-will-increase-further-deputy-minister (accessed 2022 Jun 10).
- Kraemer MUG, Tegally H, Pigott DM, et al. Tracking the 2022 monkeypox outbreak with epidemiological data in real-time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Jun. 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00359-0.
- Monkeypox: epidemiology, preparedness and response for African outbreak contexts, OpenWHO. https://openwho.org/courses/monkeypox-intermediate (accessed 2022 Jun 10).
- Nguyen P-Y, Ajisegiri WS, Costantino V, et al. Reemergence of human monkeypox and declining population immunity in the context of urbanization, Nigeria, 2017-2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Apr;27(4):10.3201/eid2704.203569
- Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, et al. Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution. Viruses. 2020 Nov;12(11):E1257.
- Huhn GD, Bauer AM, Yorita K, et al. Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Dec;41(12):1742–1751.
- Damon IK. Status of human monkeypox: clinical disease, epidemiology and research. Vaccine. 2011 Dec;29(Suppl 4):D54–59.
- Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, et al., Smallpox and its eradication, World Health Organization, 1988. Accessed 2022 Jun 03. [Online]. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39485
- Rao AK, Schulte J, Chen T-H, et al. Monkeypox in a Traveler Returning from Nigeria - Dallas, Texas, July 2021,” MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2022 Apr;71(14):509–516.
- Duraffour S, Andrei G, Snoeck R. Tecovirimat, a p37 envelope protein inhibitor for the treatment of smallpox infection. IDrugs Investig. Drugs J. 2010Mar;13(3):181–191.
- Russo AT, Berhanu A, Bigger CB, et al. Co-administration of tecovirimat and ACAM2000™ in non-human primates: effect of tecovirimat treaTMent on ACAM2000 immunogenicity and efficacy versus lethal monkeypox virus challenge. Vaccine. 2020 Jan;38(3):644–654.
- Grosenbach DW, Honeychurch K, Rose EA, et al. Oral tecovirimat for the treatment of smallpox. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul;379(1):44–53.
- O of the Commissioner. FDA approves the first drug with an indication for treatment of smallpox. FDA, 2020cited. 2022Mar 24. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-drug-indication-treatment-smallpox
- Chan SY, Prockop SE, Boulad F, et al. Rapid virologic response to brincidofovir in children with disseminated adenovirus infection. Infect. Chemother. 2021 Sep;53(3):572–577.
- Chan-Tack K, Harrington P, Bensman T, et al. Benefit-risk assessment for brincidofovir for the treatment of smallpox: u.S. food and drug administration’s evaluation. Antiviral Res. 2021Nov;195:105182.
- Hutson CL, Kondas AV, Mauldin MR, et al. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a potential smallpox therapeutic, brincidofovir, in a lethal monkeypox virus animal model. mSphere. 2021 Feb;6(1):e00927–20.
- Perruccio K, Menconi M, Galaverna F, et al. Safety and efficacy of brincidofovir for adenovirus infection in children receiving allogeneic stem cell transplantation: an AIEOP retrospective analyses. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2021 Dec;56(12):3104–3107.
- Andrei G, Snoeck R. Cidofovir activity against poxvirus infections. Viruses. 2010 Dec;2(12):2803–2830.
- De Clercq E. Cidofovir in the treatment of poxvirus infections. Antiviral Res. 2002 Jul;55(1):1–13.
- Wei H, Huang D, Fortman J, et al. Coadministration of cidofovir and smallpox vaccine reduced vaccination side effects but interfered with vaccine-elicited immune responses and immunity to monkeypox. J Virol. 2009 Jan;83(2):1115–1125.
- De Clercq E. Cidofovir in the therapy and short-term prophylaxis of poxvirus infections. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2002 Oct;23(10):456–458.
- Rather LJ, Shahid-ul-Islam, Mohammad F. Acacia nilotica (L.): a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Sustain. Chem. Pharm. Dec 2015;2:12–30.
- Saeedi R, Sultana A, Rahman K. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF ACACIA NILOTICA LINN (BABUL), ITS PHYTOCONSTITUENTS AND DIVERSE PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES: medicinal properties and pharmacological activities of A. nilotica. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2020 Feb;8–14. 10.22159/ijpps.2020v12i2.35672
- Kalaivani T, Rajasekaran C, Suthindhiran K, et al. Free radical scavenging, cytotoxic and hemolytic activities from leaves of acacia nilotica (l.) wild. ex. delile subsp. indica (benth.) brenan. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. Jun 2011;2011:eneq060.
- Kamatou GPP, Vermaak I, Viljoen AM. An updated review of adansonia digitata: a commercially important African tree. South Afr. J. Bot. 2011 Oct;77(4):908–919.
- Rahul J, Jain MK, Singh SP, et al. Adansonia digitata L. (baobab): a review of traditional information and taxonomic description. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2015 Jan;5(1):79–84.
- Sugita J, Yoneshiro T, Hatano T, et al. Grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) extract activates brown adipose tissue and increases whole-body energy expenditure in men. Br J Nutr. 2013 Aug;110(4):733–738.
- Aframomum melegueta - an overview | scienceDirect topics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/aframomum-melegueta (accessed 2022 Jun 03).
- Abubakar IB, Kankara SS, Malami I, et al. Traditional medicinal plants used for treating emerging and re-emerging viral diseases in northern Nigeria. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 2022Jan;49:102094.
- Kuete V. Allium cepa. In: Medicinal spices and vegetables from Africa. Academic Press; 2017. p. 353–361. 10.1016/B978-0-12-809286-6.00014-5.
- Biswas D, Nandy S, Mukherjee A, et al. Moringa oleifera Lam. and derived phytochemicals as promising antiviral agents: a review. South Afr. J. Bot. Mar 2020;129:272–282.
- Xiong Y, Rajoka MSR, Mehwish HM, et al. Virucidal activity of moringa a from moringa oleifera seeds against influenza a viruses by regulating TFEB. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021Jun;95:107561.
- Hariyono P, Patramurti C, Candrasari DS, et al. An integrated virtual screening of compounds from Carica papaya leaves against multiple protein targets of SARS-Coronavirus-2. Results Chem. Jan 2021;3:100113.
- Rao AK. 2022. Use of JYNNEOS (smallpox and monkeypox vaccine, live, nonreplicating) for preexposure vaccination of persons at risk for occupational exposure to orthopoxviruses: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices — United States, 2022. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 71; 10.15585/mmwr.mm7122e1.
- C. for B. E. and Research. JYNNEOS, FDA, Jun. 2021, Accessed: Jun. 03, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/jynneos
- C. for B. E. and Research. ACAM2000, FDA, Dec. 2019, Accessed: Jun. 03, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/acam2000
- Administering ACAM2000 Smallpox Vaccine Videos | smallpox | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nov. 29 2019https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/administering-acam2000.html accessed 2022 Jun 03
- Belongia EA, Naleway AL. Smallpox vaccine: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Clin. Med. Res. 2003 Apr;1(2): 87–92.
- Vaccinia Immune globulin - an overview | scienceDirect topics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/vaccinia-immune-globulin (accessed 2022 Jun 03).
- Wittek R. Vaccinia immune globulin: current policies, preparedness, and product safety and efficacy. 2006 May;10(3):193–201.Int. J. Infect. Dis. IJID Off. Publ. Int. Soc. Infect. Dis.
- Myskiw C, Piper J, Huzarewich R, et al. Nigericin is a potent inhibitor of the early stage of vaccinia virus replication. Antiviral Res. 2010 Dec;88(3):304–310.
- Mucker EM, Thiele-Suess C, Baumhof P, et al. Lipid nanoparticle delivery of unmodified mRNAs encoding multiple monoclonal antibodies targeting poxviruses in rabbits. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2022Jun;28:847–858.
- Priyamvada L, Burgado J, Baker-Wagner M, et al. New methylene blue derivatives suggest novel anti-orthopoxviral strategies. Antiviral Res. 2021Jul;191:105086.
- Shiryaev VA, Skomorohov MY, Leonova MV, et al. Adamantane derivatives as potential inhibitors of p37 major envelope protein and poxvirus reproduction. Design, synthesis and antiviral activity. Eur J Med Chem. 2021Oct;221:113485.
- Phase II clinical study of CP-COV03 for COVID-19 - adisinsight. https://adisinsight.springer.com/trials/700331241 (accessed 2022 Jun 06).
- Hyundai to submit fast track processing request to FDA for monkeypox drug, Pharmaceutical Technology, 2022 May 26. https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/hyundai-monkeypox-drug-fda/ (accessed 2022 Jun 06).
- Mazurkov OY, Kabanov AS, Shishkina LN, et al. New effective chemically synthesized anti-smallpox compound NIOCH-14. J Gen Virol. 2016 May;97(5):1229–1239.
- Larisa NS, Alexander NS, Alexander PA, et al., Medicated product for smallpox virus and method for producing and using it, RU2543338C1, 2015 Feb 27 Accessed 2022 Feb 27. [Online]. Available: https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2543338C1/en
- Huemer HP, Lassnig C, Nowotny N, et al. Diazepam leads to enhanced severity of orthopoxvirus infection and immune suppression. Vaccine. 2010 Aug;28(38):6152–6158.