Advanced search
Publication Cover
International Journal of Disaster Medicine Volume 4, 2006 - Issue 3
Journal homepage
52
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Disaster medicine education for physicians: a systematic review

Dr Garnet E. Cummings Education/Disaster Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaCorrespondence[email protected]
,
Francesco Della Corte Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
&
Greta G. Cummings Canadian Institutes for Health Research/Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research/Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Pages 125-136 | Received 29 Dec 2006, Accepted 10 Jan 2007, Published online: 13 Jul 2009

References cited in text

Final included references

  • Alexander A. J., Bandiera G. W., Mazurik L. A multiphase disaster training exercise for emergency medicine residents: opportunity knocks. Acad Emerg Med 2005; 12: 404–9
  • Allison E. J Jr., Aghababian R. V., Barsan W. G., Graff J. G., Janiak B. D., Kramer D. A., et al. Core content for emergency medicine. Task Force on the Core Content for Emergency Medicine Revision. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 29: 792–811
  • Anonymous. Tabletop drills not enough for testing disaster plan. Hosp Peer Rev 2003; 28: 4–5
  • Barnett D. J., Everly G. S Jr., Parker C. L., Links J. M. Applying educational gaming to public health workforce emergency preparedness. Am J Prev Med 2005; 28: 390–5
  • Binder L., Colohan D., Dick W., Nemitz B., Donchin Y., Ohashi N. Pregraduate training in emergency medicine. Prehospital Disaster Med 1993; 8: 69–75
  • Brennan L., Sage F. J., Simpson A. Major incident planning in South East Thames Region: a survey of medical staff awareness and training. J Accid Emerg Med 1994; 11: 85–9
  • Brismar B., Totten V., Persson B. M. Emergency, disaster, and defense medicine: the Swedish model. Ann Emerg Med 1996; 27: 250–3
  • Kaji A. H., Waeckerle J. F. Disaster medicine and the emergency medicine resident. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 41: 865–70
  • Casebeer L., Andolsek K., Abdolrasulnia M., Green J., Iverson C. J., Rudnick J. R., et al. Evaluation of an online bioterrorism continuing medical education course. J Contin Educ Health Prof 2006; 26: 137–44
  • Cassoobhoy M., Wetterhall S. F., Collins D. F., Cantey P. T., Iversen C. J., Rudnick J. R., et al. Development of an interactive bioterrorism and emerging infections curriculum for medical students and internal medicine residents. Public Health Rep 2005; 120((Suppl 1))59–63
  • Cloutier M. G., Cowan M. L. Disaster medicine training through simulations for fourth‐year students. J Med Educ 1986; 61: 408–10
  • Cowan M. L., Cloutier M. G. Emergency readiness training at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Milit Med 1987; 152: 196–9
  • Cowan M. L., Cloutier M. G. Medical simulation for disaster casualty management training. J Trauma 1988; 28: S178–S182
  • Debacker M., Delooz H., Della Corte F. The European master Program in disaster medicine. Int J Disaster Med 2003; 1: 35–41
  • Dembek Z., Iton A., Hansen H. A model curriculum for public health bioterrorism education. Public Health Rep 2005; 120: 11–18
  • Dusek T., Bates T. Analysis of European Medical Schools' teaching programs. Croat Med J 2003; 44: 26–31
  • Feldstein B. D., Gallery M. E., Sanner P. H., Page J. R. Disaster training for emergency physicians in the United States: a systems approach. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 36–40
  • Girotti M. J. Major disasters will not go away. Can J Anaesth 1988; 35: 329–31
  • Hamilton G. C., Lumpkin J. R., Tomlanovich M. C., Krome R. L., Wiegenstein J. Emergency medicine core content. Special Committee on the Core Content Revision. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15: 853–62
  • Hodgetts T. Major incident medical training: a systematic international approach. Int J Disaster Med 2003; 1: 13–20
  • Hoffman G. L., Bock B. F., Gallagher E. J., Markovchick V. J., Ham H. P., Munger B. S. Report of the Task Force on Residency Training Information (1999–2000), American Board of Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 35: 481–98
  • Hoffman G. L., Bock B. F., Gallagher E. J., Ham H. P., Reinhardt M. A., American Board of Emergency Medicine Task Force. Report of the Task Force on Residency Training Information (2000–2001), American Board of Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37: 515–32
  • Hoffman G. L., Bock B. F., Gallagher E. J., Korte R. C., Radke H. W., Reinhart M. A., American Board of Emergency Medicine Task Force. Report of the task force on Residency Training Information (2001–2002), American Board of Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2002; 39: 510–27
  • Hoffman G. L., Bock B. F., Gallagher E. J., Korte R. C., Reinhart M. A. Report of the task force on Residency Training Information (2002–2003), American Board of Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 41: 714–32
  • Hsu E. B., Thomas T. L., Bass E. B., Whyne D., Kelen G. D., Green G. B. Healthcare worker competencies for disaster training. BMC Med Educ 2006; 6: 19
  • Klausner J. M., Rozin R. R. Undergraduate education in emergency medicine and initial management of trauma casualties in Israel. Milit Med 1987; 152: 458–61
  • Kutcher S., Chehil S., Roberts T. An integrated program to train local health care providers to meet post‐disaster mental health needs. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2005; 18: 338–45
  • Kyle R. R., Via D. K., Lowy R. J., Madsen J. M., Marty A. M., Mongan P. D. A multidisciplinary approach to teach responses to weapons of mass destruction and terrorism using combined simulation modalities. J Clin Anesth 2004; 16: 152–8
  • Lennquist S. Education and training in disaster medicine. Scand J Surg 2005; 94: 300–10
  • Lillibridge S. R., Burkle F. M. J., Noji E. K. Disaster mitigation and humanitarian assistance training for uniformed service medical personnel. Milit Med 1994; 159: 397–403
  • Lumley J., Ryan J. Disaster medicine: an emerging specialty. Hosp Med (London) 2000; 61: 276–8
  • Markenson D., DiMaggio C., Redlener I. Preparing health professions students for terrorism, disaster, and public health emergencies: core competencies. Acad Med 2005; 80: 517–26
  • McCally M., Cassel C. K., Norgrove L. Medical education and nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 834–7
  • O'Reilly D. J., Brandenburg D. C. Simulation and learning in disaster preparedness: a research and theory review. 2006; 763–70, Paper presented at the Academy of Human Resource Development International Conference (AHRD), Columbus, OH, February 22–26, (Symp. 37‐1)
  • Olness K., Sinha M., Herran M., Cheren M., Pairajkul S. Training of health care professionals on the special needs of children in the management of disasters: experience in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Ambulatory Pediatrics 2005; 5: 244–8
  • Orfaly R. A., Biddinger P. D., Burstein J. L., Leaning J. Integration of academia and practice in preparedness training: the Harvard School of Public Health experience. Public Health Rep 2005; 120((Suppl 1))48–51
  • Parrish A. R., Oliver S., Jenkins D., Ruscio B., Green J. B., Colenda C. A short medical school course on responding to bioterrorism and other disasters. Acad Med 2005; 80: 820–3
  • Perez E., Thompson P. Natural hazards: causes and effects. Lesson 1 – introduction to natural disasters. Prehospital Disaster Med 1994; 9: 80–7, quiz 88
  • Perina D. G., Collier R. E., Thomas H. A., Korte R. C., Reinhart M. A., Task Force on Residency Training Information American Board of Emergency Medicine. Report of the Task Force on Residency Training Information (2004–2005), American Board of Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45: 532–47
  • Perina D. G., Collier R. E., Thomas H. A., Korte R. C., Reinhart M. A., Task Force on Residency Training Information American Board of Emergency Medicine. Report of the Task Force on Residency Training Information (2005–2006), American Board of Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2006; 47: 476–91
  • Pesik N., Keim M., Sampson T. R. Do US emergency medicine residency programs provide adequate training for bioterrorism?. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34: 173–6
  • Petrino R., Bodiwala G., Meulemans A., Plunkett P., Williams D., European Society for Emergency Medicine (EuSEM). EuSEM core curriculum for emergency medicine. Eur J Emerg Med 2002; 9: 308–14
  • Pryor E., Heck E., Norman L., Weiner B., Mathews R., Black J., et al. Integrated decision‐making in response to weapons of mass destruction incidents: development and initial evaluation of a course for healthcare professionals. Prehospital Disaster Med 2006; 21: 24–30
  • Reischl T. M., Buss A. N. Responsive evaluation of competency‐based public health preparedness training programs. J Public Health Manag Pract 2005, Suppl: S100–5
  • Robertson A. G., Morgan‐Jones D. J. First line nuclear, biological and chemical defense training – the way ahead. J R Nav Med Serv 1994; 80: 90–4
  • Rottman S. J., Shoaf K. I., Dorian A. Development of a training curriculum for public health preparedness. J Public Health Manag Pract 2005, Suppl: S128–31
  • Seynaeve G., Archer F., Fisher J., Lueger‐Schuster B., Rowlands A., Sellwood P., et al. International standards and guidelines on education and training for the multi‐disciplinary health response to major events that threaten the health status of a community. Prehospital Disaster Med 2004; 19: S17–S30
  • Steiner B., Sands R. Responding to a natural disaster with service learning. Fam Med 2000; 32: 645–9
  • Swindon T. N. The management of individuals involved in radiation accidents. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 1991; 14: 169–72
  • Verdile V. P., Krohmer J. R., Swor R. A., Spaite D. W. Model curriculum in emergency services for EM residency programs. Acad Emerg Med 1996; 3: 716–22
  • Voelker R. Medical educators weight curriculum changes to address threats of terrorism. JAMA 2002; 287: 1099–100
  • Waeckerle J. F., Seamans S., Whiteside M., Pons P. T., White S., Burstein J. L., , Task Force of Health Care and Emergency Services Professionals on Preparedness for Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Incidents, et al. Executive summary: developing objectives, content, and competencies for the training of emergency medical technicians, emergency physicians, and emergency nurses to care for casualties resulting from nuclear, biological, or chemical incidents. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37: 587–601
  • Waeckerle J. F., Lillibridge S. R., Burkle F. M Jr., Noji E. K. Disaster medicine: challenges for today. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 23: 715–18
  • Williams B. Bioterrorism: are we prepared?. Tenn Med 2001; 94: 413–17

References excluded during manuscript screening

  • Abbadi S., Abdallah A. K., Holliman C. J. Emergency medicine in Jordan. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30: 319–21
  • Abel K. L., Nichols M. H. Pediatric emergency medicine fellowship training in the new millennium. Pediatr Emerg Care 2003; 19: 20–4
  • Al‐Faris E. A. Students' evaluation of a traditional and an innovative Family Medicine course in Saudi Arabia. Educ Health 2000; 13: 231–5
  • Alshehri M. Y. Medical curriculum in Saudi medical colleges: current and future perspectives. Ann Saudi Med 2001; 21: 320–3
  • Anderson M., Brownell E. A snapshot of medical students' education at the beginning of the 21st century: reports from 130 schools. Acad Med 2000; 75
  • Anonymous. Training of clinicians for public health events relevant to bioterrorism preparedness. Evidence report: Technology Assessment (Summary) 2001; 51
  • Asch S. M., Weigand J. V. A pediatric curriculum for emergency medicine training programs. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15: 19–27
  • Barberis L., De Toni E., Schiavone M., Zicca A., Ghio R. Unconventional medicine teaching at the universities of the European Union. J Altern Complement Med 2001; 7: 337–43
  • Barzansky B., Jonas H. S., Etzel S. I. Educational programs in US Medical Schools 1999–2000. JAMA 2000; 284: 1114–20
  • Binder L. S. Undergraduate emergency medicine education. Acad Emerg Med 1994; 1: 197–9
  • Biro F. M. Surveying graduates of combined internal medicine – Pediatrics Residency Programs. Acad Med 1990; 65: 266–71
  • Cameron P. A., Bradt D. A., Ashby R. Emergency medicine in Australia. Ann Emerg Med 1996; 28: 342–6
  • Cancio L. C., Goforth G. A. Emergency medical training in the 82nd Airborne Division. The Gulf War experience. Prehospital Disaster Med 1993; 8: 345–8
  • Cottino A., Grazia de Micheli A., Gai V. Formation of emergency medicine in Italy. Eur J Emerg Med 1998; 5: 457–60
  • Cuny F. C., Fred C. Cuny Memorial Continuing Education Series, principles of disaster management. Lesson 5: program supervision, monitoring, and control. Prehospital Disaster Med 1999; 14: 198–208, quiz 209–10
  • Davis M. H., Harden R. M. Planning and implementing an undergraduate medical curriculum: the lessons learned. Med Teach 2003; 25: 596–608
  • de Boer J. An introduction to disaster medicine in Europe. J Emerg Med 1995; 13: 211–16
  • de Vries G. M., Luitse J. S. Emergency medicine in the Netherlands. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 38: 583–7
  • DeBehnke D. J., Restifo K. M., Mahoney J. F., Coates W. C. Undergraduate curriculum. SAEM Undergraduate Education Committee, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. Acad Emerg Med 1998; 5: 1110–13
  • Drummond A. How to train emergency docs. CMAJ 2003; 169: 389–91, author reply 391–2
  • Dubouloz M. WHO International diploma course in vulnerability reduction and emergency preparedness. Int J Disaster Med 2003; 1: 21–4
  • Ducharme J. Preparing emergency physicians for the future. CMAJ 2003; 168: 1548–9
  • Eitzen E. M Jr. Education is the key to defense against bioterrorism. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34: 221–3
  • English G. M., Stivers C. G. Mock disaster: an effective lesson in preparation for the real thing. Health Educ 1989; 20: 46–8
  • Everly G. S Jr., Langlieb A. The evolving nature of disaster mental health services. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2003; 5: 113–19
  • Finucane P., Nicholas T., Prideaux D. The new medical curriculum at Flinders University, South Australia: from concept to reality. Med Teach 2001; 23: 76–9
  • Fowell S. L., Maudsley G., Maguire P., Leinster S. J., Bligh J. Student assessment in undergraduate medical education in the United Kingdom, 1998. Med Educ 2000; 34: 1–49
  • Freeman K. M., Thompson S. F., Allely E. B., Sobel A. L., Stansfield S. A., Pugh W. M. A virtual reality patient simulation system for teaching emergency response skills to U.S. Navy medical providers. Prehospital Disaster Med 2001; 16: 3–8
  • Friedman B. M. AMEE guide no. 14: Outcome‐based education: Part 3 – Assessment in outcome‐based education. Med Teach 1999; 21: 23–5
  • Friedman C. P., de Bliek R., Greer D. S., Mennin S. P., Norman G. R., Sheps C. G. Charting the winds of change: evaluating innovative medical curricula. Acad Med 1990; 65: 8–14
  • Fullerton C. S., Ursano R. J. Health care delivery in the high‐stress environment of chemical and biological warfare. Milit Med 1994; 159: 524–8
  • Gallagher E. J., Schropp M. A., Henneman P. L. Changing status of academic emergency medicine (1991–1996). Task Force on the Development Emergency Medicine. Acad Emerg Med 1997; 47: 746–51
  • Gallagher E. J., Goldfrank L. R., Anderson G. V Jr., Barsan W. G., Levy R. C., Sanders A. B., et al. Current status of academic emergency medicine within academic medicine in the United States. Acad Emerg Med 1994; 1: 41–6
  • Gibson M. F., Clancy M. J. Undergraduate medical student education: the case for a national curriculum. Arch Emerg Med 1990; 7: 215–19
  • Gofrit O. N., Leibovici D., Shemer J., Henig A., Shapira S. C. The efficacy of integrating “smart simulated casualties” in hospital disaster drills. Prehospital Disaster Med 1997; 12: 97–101
  • Goldfrank L. R. The state of Academic Emergency Medicine: 1996 SAEM Presidential Address. Acad Emerg Med 1997; 4: 1–3
  • Gomez J. M., Pujol R. Changes in medical education in Spain. Acad Med 1998; 73: 1076–80
  • Goniewicz M., Opalinska E., Krawczyk W. Evaluation of classes in medicine of catastrophe by students of Faculty of Medicine at the University School of Medicine in Lublin. Ann Univ Marie Curie Sklodow [Med] 1999; 54: 307–12
  • Haq C. L., Mohammadi A., Smith S. R. Medical education reform in Iran. Fam Med 2003; 35: 616–17
  • Harden R. M., Crosby J. R., Davis M. H. AMEE guide no. 14: Outcome‐based education: Part 1 – An introduction to outcome‐based education. Med Teach 1999; 21: 7–14
  • Hedges J. R. The role of undergraduate education in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med 1990; 19: 1187
  • Hendricson W. D. The Medical School Curriculum Committee revisited. Acad Med 1993; 68: 183–9
  • Hoey H. M. Medical education, an on going process. Ir Med J 1992; 85: 20–3
  • Hoffman G. L., Bock B. F., Gallagher E. J., Markovchick V. J., Ham H. P., Munger B. S. Report of the Task Force on Residency Training Information (1998–1999), American Board of Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33: 529–45
  • Holliman C. J., Green G. B., VanRooyen M. J., Clem K., Smith J. P., Ankel F. K., et al. Proposed curriculum for an “observational” international emergency medicine fellowship program. Acad Emerg Med 2000; 7: 359–64
  • Holohan T. V., Babitz M., Berry D. N. Clinical performance in a field exercise for the National Disaster Medical System. Milit Med 1989; 154: 587–9
  • Kent G. G., Kunkler A. J. Medical student involvement in a major disaster. Med Educ 1992; 26: 87–91
  • King C., Nilsen G. J., Henretig F. M., Selbst F., Ludwig S., Wagner D. K. Proposed fellowship training program in pediatric emergency medicine for emergency medicine graduates. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22: 542–6
  • Landesman L. Y. The availability of disaster preparation courses at US schools of public health. Am J Public Health 1993; 83: 1494–5
  • Lasseter J. A., Pyles J. R., Galijasevic S. Emergency medicine in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30: 527–30
  • Lichtveld M., Hodge J. G Jr., Gebbie K., Thompson F. E Jr., Loos D. I. Preparedness on the frontline: what's law got to do with it?. J Law Med Ethics 2002; 30: 184–8
  • Ling L. J., Bowles L. T., Reynolds R., Kroot L., Roth P. Emergency medicine in the medical school curriculum. Acad Emerg Med 1997; 4: 1070–7
  • Lynn T. K., Chudley A. E. Meeting the needs of future physicians: a core curriculum initiative for postgraduate medical education at a Canadian university. Med Educ 2001; 35: 973–82
  • Maharaj S. R., Paul T. J., Pinnock M. A., Segree W. A. The role of medical schools in disaster preparedness. Trop Doct 1994; 24: 115–19
  • Maizes V., Schneider C., Bell I., Weil A. Integrative medical education: development and implementation of a comprehensive curriculum at the University of Arizona. Acad Med 2002; 77: 851–60
  • Martin S. D., Bush A. C., Lynch J. A. A national survey of terrorism preparedness training among pediatric, family practice, and emergency medicine programs. Pediatrics 2006; 118: e620–6
  • Mattern W. D. Computer databases of medical school curricula. Acad Med 1992; 67: 12–16
  • Maudsley R. F. Content in context: medical education and society's needs. Acad Med 1999; 74: 143–5
  • McHugh D. F., Driscoll P. A. Accident and emergency medicine in the United Kingdom. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33: 702–9
  • Mehdi I. J. Emergency medicine in Pakistan. Ann Emerg Med 1996; 27: 84–8
  • Metz J. C. M. ‘Blueprint 1994’: common objectives of medical education in The Netherlands. Neth J Med 1999; 55: 165–7
  • Morlang W. M. Dentistry's vital role in disaster preparedness. J Calif Dent Assoc 1996; 24: 63–6
  • Mukhopadhyay S. P. Dr K.N. Rao Memorial Oration Address. Human resource development in relation to disaster management. Indian J Public Health 1993; 37: 77–80
  • Nieuwoudt B. H. Emergency medicine in South Africa. S Afr Med J 1994; 84: 229–30
  • Noji E. K., Frumkin H. More on disaster preparation by schools of public health. Am J Public Health 1994; 84: 1341–2
  • Okada Y., Haruki Y., Ogushi Y. Disaster drills and continuous medical education using satellite‐based Internet. Methods Inf Med 2000; 39: 343–7
  • Orton S., Umble K., Davis M. V., Porter J. E. Disasters and bioterrorism: does management training develop readiness?. Public Health Rep 2002; 117: 596–8
  • Osterwalder J. J. Emergency medicine in Switzerland. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 32: 243–7
  • Parker C. L., Barnett D. J., Fews A. L., Blodgett D., Links J. M. The Road Map to Preparedness: a competency‐based approach to all‐hazards emergency readiness training for the public health workforce. Public Health Rep 2005; 120: 504–14
  • Parkhouse J. P. Specialized medical education in the European Region., EURO Rep Stud 112
  • Peralta P. G., Sinon J. B. Emergency medicine in the Philippines. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 26: 743–5
  • Perina D. The ACGME general competencies challenge – perspective of the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors. Acad Emerg Med 2002; 9: 1218–19
  • Perron A. D., Brady W. J. Sources of information on emergency medicine residency programs. Acad Emerg Med 2002; 9: 1462–3
  • Petrino R., Delooz H. A curriculum in emergency medicine for Europe. Eur J Emerg Med 2002; 9: 307
  • Qazi K., Petrack E. Pediatric emergency medicine fellowship training: a survey of program directors. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17: 100–2
  • Rabinowitz H. K., Babbott D. Innovative approaches to educating medical students for practice in a changing health care environment: the National UME‐21 Project. Acad Med 2001; 76: 587–97
  • Rainer T. H. Emergency medicine – the specialty. Hong Kong Med J 2000; 6: 269–75
  • Rennie J. A., Janka A. Emergency surgery in Ethiopia. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1997; 79: 254–6
  • Richards J. R. Emergency medicine in Cuba: report from a country in isolation. Am J Emerg Med 1997; 15: 424–6
  • Richards P., Kennedy I. M. Managing medical mishaps. BMJ 1996; 313: 243–4
  • Rodenberg H. Education in accident and emergency medicine for senior house officers: review and recommendations. J Accid Emerg Med 1996; 13: 238–42
  • Ross N., Davies D. AMEE guide no. 14: Outcome‐based education: Part 4 – Outcome‐based learning and the electronic curriculum at Birmingham Medical School. Med Teach 1999; 21: 26–31
  • Rubinshtein R., Robenshtok E., Eisenkraft A., Vidan A., Hourvitz A. Training Israeli medical personnel to treat casualties of nuclear, biologic and chemical warfare. Isr Med Assoc J 2002; 4: 545–8
  • Sanders A. B., Criss E., Witzke D. Core content survey of undergraduate education in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15: 6–11
  • Sanders A. B., Criss E., Witzke D. B. Emergency medicine skills and topics in undergraduate education. Res Med Educ 1985; 24: 83–7
  • Sarikaya O., Yegen B. C., Oktay S. New curriculum design at Marmara University School of Medicine. Marmara Medical Journal 2002; 15: 56–62
  • Sarpy S. A., Chauvin S. W., Anderson A. C. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the South Central Center for Public Health Preparedness training. Public Health Rep 2003; 118: 568–72
  • Schenk M., Popp S. M., Neale A. V., Demers R. Y. Environmental medicine content in medical school curricula. Acad Med 1996; 71: 499–501
  • Schutte P. J. Emergency medicine in South Africa. S Afr Med J 1994; 84: 49–50
  • Schwartz P. L., Loten E. G., Miller A. P. Curriculum reform at the University of Otago Medical School. Acad Med 1999; 74: 675–9
  • Seidel J. S. Fellowship training in pediatric emergency medicine for graduates of emergency medicine residencies. Pediatr Emerg Care 1995; 11: 72–4
  • Shaw K. N., Schunk J., Ledwith C., Lockhart G. Pediatric Emergency Medicine (PEM) fellowship: essentials of a three‐year academic curriculum. Three‐Year Academic Subcommittee of the PEM Fellowship Committee of the Section of Emergency Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatr Emerg Care 1997; 13: 77–81
  • Shepherd S., Zun L., Mitchell J., Binder L., Emerman C., Green R., et al. A model preclinical, clinical, and graduate educational curriculum in emergency medicine for medical students and rotating residents. Ann Emerg Med 1990; 19: 1159–66
  • Silvagni A. J., Levy L. A., McFee R. B., NOVA Southeastern University‐College of Osteopathic Medicine Task Force on Bioterrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Educating health professionals, first responders, and the community about bioterrorism and weapons of mass destruction. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2002; 102: 491–9
  • Smith D. D., Gonzalez J. International emergency medicine fellowship: the basics. Ann Emerg Med 2003; 41: 144–7
  • Smith S. R., Dollase R. AMEE guide no. 14: Outcome‐based education: Part 2 – Planning, implementing and evaluating a competency‐based curriculum. Med Teach 1999; 21: 15–22
  • Stein B. D., Myers D. Emotional sequelae of disasters: a primary care physician's guide. J Am Med Womens Assoc 1999; 54: 60–4
  • Tachakra S., Sivakumar A., McCabe M. Accident and emergency broadsheet: undergraduate accident and emergency medicine education broadsheet. Emerg Med J 1998; 15: 200–1
  • Tintinalli J. E. The strengths & weaknesses of undergraduate education. Ann Emerg Med 1990; 19: 1187–8
  • Townes D. A., Lee T. E., Gulo S., VanRooyen M. J. Emergency medicine in Russia. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 32: 239–42
  • Trott A. T., Blackwell T. H. Academic emergency medicine in United States medical schools. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21: 952–5
  • Turnock B. J. Roadmap for public health workforce preparedness. J Public Health Manag Pract 2003; 9: 471–80
  • VanRooyen M. J., Townes D. A., Hart R. G., Willoughby P. International Health Fellowship: a proposed curriculum for emergency physicians. J Emerg Med 1997; 15: 249–52
  • Warren K. S. Change and the curriculum. Lancet 1993; 342: 488
  • Wyatt J. P., Weber J. E. A transatlantic comparison of training in emergency medicine. J Accid Emerg Med 1998; 15: 175–80
  • Zun L. S. 1st‐ and 2nd‐year medical student exposure to emergency medicine. Teach Learn Med 2002; 14: 164–7

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.