Society Frowns Upon Spinning and So Do the Alleged Spin Doctors: Tests of Present and Future Crisis Communicators Responding to Spin in the Media

References

• Aristotle. (1962). Nicomachean ethics (Ostwald, M., Ed.; 1st ed.). The Liberal Arts Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aristotle. (2007). On rhetoric: A theory of civic discourse (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benoit, W. L. (2015). Accounts, excuses, and apologies: Image repair theory and research (2nd ed.). State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, S. A. (2005). A practical model for ethical decision making in issues management and public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 17(3), 191–216. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1703_1
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, S. A., & Coombs, W. T. (2020). Ethics in crisis communication. In F. Frandsen and W. Johansen (Eds.), Crisis communication (pp. 539–557). De Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Claeys, A.-S., & Cauberghe, V. (2014). Keeping control: The importance of nonverbal expressions of power by organizational spokespersons in times of crisis. Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1160–1180. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clementson, D. E. (2019a). Do public relations practitioners perceptually share ingroup affiliation with journalists? Public Relations Review, 45(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.12.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clementson, D. E. (2019b). How web comments affect perceptions of political interviews and journalistic control. Political Psychology, 40(4), 815–836. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clementson, D. E., & Xie, T. (2021). On the merits of transparency in crisis: Effects of answering vs. evading through the lens of deception theory. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 15(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2020.1836644
   Google Scholar
• Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2014). It’s not just PR: Public relations in society (2nd ed.). Wiley Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Curtin, P. A., Gallicano, T., & Matthews, K. (2011). Millennials’ approaches to ethical decision making: A survey of young public relations agency employees. Public Relations Journal, 5(2), 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Deloitte. (2022). The Deloitte global 2022 Gen Z and millennial survey. https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/genzmillennialsurvey.html
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Chaiken, S. (1978). Causal inferences about communicators and their effect on opinion change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(4), 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.36.4.424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erzikova, E., & Martinelli, D. (2020). Leadership & mentorship in the lives of accomplished millennials: Implications for practice. Public Relations Journal, 13(2), 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Fall, L. T. (2013). Spin. In R. L. Heath (Ed.), Encyclopedia of public relations (pp. 867–869). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Fritz, B., Keefer, B., & Nyhan, B. (2004). All the President’s spin: George W. Bush, the media, and the truth. Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Gaber, I., & Fisher, C. (2022). “Strategic lying”: The case of Brexit and the 2019 U.K. election. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 27(2), 460–477. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161221994100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hazleton, V. (2006). Toward a theory of public relations competence. In C. H. Botan and V. Hazleton (Eds.), Public relations theory II (pp. 199–222). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Hutton, J. G., Goodman, M. B., Alexander, J. B., & Genest, C. M. (2001). Reputation management: The new face of corporate public relations? Public Relations Review, 27(3), 247–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(01)00085-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, B., & Jamieson, K. H. (2007). UnSpun: Finding facts in a world of disinformation. Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Macnamara, J. (2016). The continuing convergence of journalism and PR: New insights for ethical practice from a three-country study of senior practitioners. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(1), 118–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015605803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1989). Bipolar scales. In P. Emmert and L. L. Barker (Eds.), Measurement of communication behavior (pp. 154–167). Longman.
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey, J. C., & Teven, J. J. (1999). Goodwill: A reexamination of the construct and its measurement. Communication Monographs, 66(1), 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759909376464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, J., & Berger, B. (2013). An integrated model of excellent leadership in public relations: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 25(2), 141–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2013.758583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, J., & Berger, B. K. (2018). Maximizing the potential of millennial communication professions in the workplace: A talent management approach in the field of strategic communication. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 12(5), 507–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2018.1508467
   Google Scholar
• Neill, M. S. (2021). Public relations professionals identify ethical issues, essential competencies and deficiencies. Journal of Media Ethics, 36(1), 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2020.1846539
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neill, M. S., & Weaver, N. (2017). Silent & unprepared: Most millennial practitioners have not embraced role as ethical conscience. Public Relations Review, 43(2), 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offerdal, T. S., Just, S. N., & Ihlen, Ø. (2021). Public ethos in the pandemic rhetorical situation: Strategies for building trust in authorities’ risk communication. Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research, 4(2), 247–270. https://doi.org/10.30658/jicrcr.4.2.3
   Google Scholar
• Park, H. (2017). Exploring effective crisis response strategies. Public Relations Review, 43(1), 190–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rim, H., Swenson, R., & Anderson, B. (2019). What happens when brands tell the truth? Exploring the effects of transparency signaling on corporate reputation for agribusiness. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 47(4), 439–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2019.1654125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, T., & Norton, M. I. (2011). The artful dodger: Answering the wrong question the right way. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 17(2), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeger, M. W. (2006). Best practices in crisis communication: An expert panel process. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 34(3), 232–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880600769944
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, C., Gill, H., Li, J., Valenzuela, S., & Rojas, H. (2020). “Fake news is anything they say!” — Conceptualization and weaponization of fake news among the American public. Mass Communication and Society, 23(5), 755–778. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2020.1789661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsetsura, K., Bentley, J., & Newcomb, T. (2015). Idealistic and conflicted: New portrayals of public relations practitioners in film. Public Relations Review, 41(5), 652–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.02.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar